I. PENDAHULUAN

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I. PENDAHULUAN

• Jadwal kuliah
• Silabi dan Kontrak Kuliah
• Dosen sebagai fasilitator, mahasiswa dituntut
  lebih aktif

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• Penilaian (SK Rektor UNS No. 459/H27/PP/2007
  tentang Peraturan Kredit Semester Perbaikan
  Peraturan Sistem Kredit Semester)

NA rata-rata (2KD1 1Prakt) (2KD2
1Prakt) (2KD3 1Prakt) (2KD4 1 Prakt)
A 80 C 60 69 B 70 - 79 D 59 - 50 E
49 TL
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Mikrobia ? organisme mikroskopis kelompok
yg sangat besar dan beragam (biodiversitas
sangat tinggi) sel tunggal, kelompok
sel, non seluler (virus)
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Microbiology

• The study of of organisms too small to be seen
  without magnification
• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• protozoa
• algae

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Branches of study within microbiology

• Immunology
• Public health microbiology epidemiology
• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
• Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering recombinant DNA technology

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Berbagai Koloni Mikrobia (colony forming unit,
cfu)
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BAKTERI
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bintil akar
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FUNGI (JAMUR)
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Rhizopogon cokeri Amanita muscaria
truffle mushroom
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Variable Mycorrhizal Infection
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Gigasporum gigantea
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Extramatrical Hypha
Arbuscule
Spores
Vesicle
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PROTOZOA
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ALGAE
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Eutrofikasi / blooming algae
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Microbes are involved in

• nutrient production energy flow
• decomposition
• production of foods, drugs vaccines
• bioremediation
• causing disease

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Mikrobiologi Industri
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Impact of pathogens

• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases
• 10 B infections/year worldwide
• 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

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Tipe sel mikrobia
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Characteristics of microbes
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ukuran
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• First to observe living microbes
• his single-lens magnified up to 300X

(1632-1723)
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Scientific Method

• Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that
  can be supported or refuted by observation
  experimentation
• A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis
  testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis
• Results must be published repeated by other
  investigators.

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• If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of
  evidence survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves
  to the next level of confidence - it becomes a
  theory
• Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the
  next level of confidence is reached - it becomes
  a Law or principle

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Spontaneous generation

• Early belief that some forms of life could arise
  from vital forces present in nonliving or
  decomposing matter.
• (flies from manure, etc)

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Louis Pasteur

• Showed microbes caused fermentation
• Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o.
• Developed aseptic techniques.
• Developed a rabies vaccine.

(1822-1895)
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Aseptic technique methods for maintaining steril
culture media and other steril objects free from
microbial contamination during manipulation
Culture medium an aqueous solution of various
nutrients suitable for the growth of
m.o Enrichment culture methods for isolating
m.o. from nature using specific culture and
incubation condition
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Robert Koch

• Established a sequence of experimental steps to
  show that a specific m.o. causes a particular
  disease.
• Developed pure culture methods.
• Identified cause of anthrax, TB, cholera.

(1843-1910)
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Germ theory of disease

• Many diseases are caused by the growth of
  microbes in the body and not by sins, bad
  character, or poverty, etc.

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Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying
naming living things

• Domain Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya
• Kingdom 5 (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
  Animalia)
• Phylum or Division
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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3 domains

• Eubacteria true bacteria, peptidoglycan
• Archaea odd bacteria that live in extreme
  environments, high salt, heat, etc
• Eukarya have a nucleus, organelles

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Kingdom Monera
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Naming micoorganisms

• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
• Gives each microbe 2 names
• Genus - noun, always capitalized
• species - adjective, lowercase
• Both italicized or underlined
• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
• Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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Evolution living things change gradually over
millions of years

• Changes favoring survival are retained less
  beneficial changes are lost.
• All new species originate from preexisting
  species.
• Closely related organism have similar features
  because they evolved from common ancestral forms.
• Evolution usually progresses toward greater
  complexity.