ALKANES

1
ALKANES

• Contain single bonds
• CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
• Saturated hydrocarbon
• Substitution reaction

2
Cycloalkanes

• If the carbon chain that forms the straight-chain
  hydrocarbon is long enough, the two ends coming
  together to form a cycloalkane.
• One hydrogen atom has to be removed from each end
  of the hydrocarbon chain to form the CC bond that
  closes the ring.
• Cycloalkanes therefore have two less hydrogen
  atoms than the parent alkane and a generic
  formula of CnH2n.

3
Examples of cycloalkanes

• The smallest alkane that can form a ring is
  cyclopropane, C3H6, in which the three carbon
  atoms lie in the same plane.
• The angle between adjacent CC bonds is only 60
  as seen in the model below

4
Molecular models of cycloalkanes
cyclopropane
cyclohexane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
5
Name the following

• The following compound, for example, is a
  derivative of pentane because the longest chain
  contains five carbon atoms

Thus, its name is 2-methylpentane
6
Naming the cycloalkanes

• Find the longest continuous loop of carbon atoms
  in the skeleton structure.
• Name the compound as a derivative of the
  cycloalkane with this number of carbon atoms 3-C
  cyclopropane
  4-C cyclobutane 5-C cyclopentane

7
Name the following cycloalkanes
Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings
of carbon and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For
example, cyclohexane has a ring of six carbon
atoms.
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclopropane
cyclohexane
bromocyclohexane
cyclohexane
cyclohexene
8
Alkenes

• Contain a double bond
• Unsaturated
• Addition reactions
• CH2CH-CH2-CH3
• 1-butene
• Polymerize

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Alkynes
10

• WHAT IS AN ALKYNE ????
• WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE ?
• WHAT IS ITS STRUCTURE ?
• QUIZ

11

A hydrocarbon with triple bonds. These make up
the alkyne family
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EthyneC2H2
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H- C C - H

• Ethyne
• C2H2

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WHICH ONE IS AN ALKYNE?
Its not this one. Try again
You got it !!!!!
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HOW DO WE NAME IT ?
16
Name the Alkane compound with an -yne ending for
a triple bond.
The alkane methane as an alkyne. What is its
name ?
methyne
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The aromatic hydrocarbons
Benezene is good example C6H6

• Interior ring formed by three double C-C bonds
• Also called a benzene ring

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The carboxylic acids

• Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group,
  which is a contraction of the carbonyl and
  hydroxyl names since carboxylic acids contain
  both groups attached to one carbon.
• Often written as RCOOH or RCO2H
• IUPAC Nomenclature
• Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e of
  the alkane root name with -oic and adding the
  word acid. Substituents on the chain are named as
  usual.

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Some common acids
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IUPAC naming of acids
The table below gives common and IUPAC names for
some of the simple carboxylic acids.
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Alcohols

• ROH
• R alkyl group
• Poisonous
• Good solvents
• CH3CH2CH2OH
• 1-propanol

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Ethers

• R-O-R/
• If RR/ symmetrical
• CH3-O-CH3
• Dimethyl ether
• CH3-O-CH2CH3
• Ethylmethyl ether
• Non-polar solvents

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ALDEHYDES

• O
• Carbonyl group C
• O
• H - C -H
• Methanal

http//www.chem.uni.edu/macmilla/mcmurry/mcmurry_
chapter_19a/sld001.htm
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Esters
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Formed by a reaction of an acid and an alcohol.
Conversion of acids into esters is called
esterification.
Ester structure
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Ketones
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General structure RCOR'
Organic compounds, usually react

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AMINES

• Contain nitrogen
• R-NH2
• CH3-NH2
• Methylamine
• Polar substance