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Title: AP Exam


1
AP Exam
  • Identifying Literary Devices

2
Alliteration
  • The repetition of initial consonant sounds

3
  • Sweet-scented stuff

4
anadiplosis
  • Repetition of an important word from one phrase
    or clause (usually the last word) at the start of
    the next phrase or clause.

5
  • the love of wicked men converts to fear,/That
    fear to hate, and hate turns one or both/ To
    worthy danger and deserved deathShakespeare,
    Richard II

6
anaphora
  • Repeated use of a word or phrase at the start of
    successive phrases or sentences for effect also
    the use of a pronoun to refer to an antecedent
    (noun)

7
  • We shall fight on the beaches,
  • We shall fight on the landing grounds,
  • We shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
  • We shall fight in the hills.
  • Winston Churchill

8
  • As Caesar loved me, I weep for him.
  • As he was fortunate, I rejoice at it.
  • As he was valiant, I honor him.
  • But as he was ambitious, I slew him.
  • --Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

9
anthimeria
  • A type of pun in which one part of speech is
    substituted for another
  • (in this case a noun for a verb)

10
  • The thunder would not peace at my bidding.
  • --Shakespeare, King Lear

11
antithesis
  • The contrasting of ideas by the use of parallel
    structure in phrases or clauses

12
  • I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
  • ---Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

13
  • Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved
    Rome more.
  • --Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

14
aphorism
  • A concise expression of insight or wisdom

15
  • The vanity of others offends our taste only when
    it offends our vanity.
  • --Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil

16
apostrophe
  • A direct address to an absent or dead person, or
    to an object, quality, or idea

17
  • Thou still unravishd bride of quietness
  • --John Keats,
  • Ode on a Grecian Urn

18
assonance
  • The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a
    sequence of nearby words

19
  • All day the wind breathes low with mellower
    tone.
  • ---Tennyson The Lotos-Eaters

20
asyndeton
  • The omission of coordinating conjunctions, such
    as in a series.

21
  • I came, I saw, I conquered.
  • attributed to Julius Caesar

22
Antanaclasis
  • A type of pun in which one words is repeated in
    two different senses

23
  • If we dont hang together well hang
    separately.
  • --Ben Franklin

24
Bathos
  • A sudden and unexpected drop from the lofty to
    the trivial or excessively sentimental

25
  • Ye Gods! Annihilate but Space and Time
  • And make two lovers happy.
  • --Alexander Pope, Martinus Scriblerus on the
    Art of Sinking in Poetry

26
Cacophony (dissonance)
  • The clash of discordant or harsh sounds within a
    sentence or phrase

27
  • Anfractuous rocks
  • --T.S. Eliot, Sweeney Erect

28
Catalog
  • A list of people or things

29
  • The tropics at first-hand the trumpet-vine,
  • fox glove, giant snap-dragon, a salpiglossis that
    has
  • spots and stripes.
  • --Marianne Moore, The Steeple-Jack

30
chiasmus
  • Two phrases in which the syntax is the same but
    the placement of words is reversed

31
  • To stop too fearful, and too faint to go.
  • --Oliver Goldsmith, The Traveller

32
Colliquialism
  • An informal or slang expression, especially in
    the context of formal writing

33
  • All the other lads there were
  • Were itching to have a bash.
  • ---Philip Larkin, Send No
    Money

34
Consonance
  • The repetition of consonants in a sequence of
    nearby words (moth breath), especially at the
    end of stressed syllables when there is no
    similar repetition of vowel sounds

35
  • All night your moth breath
  • Flickers among the flat pink roses
  • --Sylvia Plath, Morning Song

36
Epanalepsis
  • Repetition at the end of a clause of the word
    that appeared at the beginning of the clause

37
  • Possessing what we were still unpossessed by
  • Possessed by what we now no more possessed.
  • --Robert Frost, The Gift Outright

38
Epistrophe
  • The repetition of a word or group of words at the
    end of successive phrases, clauses, verses, or
    sentences.

39
  • Of the people, by the people, for the people
  • --Lincoln, Gettysbury Address

40
Epithet
  • An adjective or phrase that describes a prominent
    or distinguishing feature of a person or thing.

41
  • The wine-dark sea
  • --Homer, The Iliad

42
Epizeuxis
  • Repetition of the same word with no other words
    in between for emphasis

43
  • Words, words, words
  • --Shakespeare, Hamlet

44
Hyperbaton
  • A scheme of unusual or inverted word order

45
  • I got, so far as the immediate moment was
    concerned, away.
  • --Henry James, The Turn of the Screw

46
Hard Evidence
  • The use of empirical or factual data in support
    of an argument

47
  • The law should require seat belts because
    studeies show that they reduce the rate of
    fatalities in accidents (RFIA) by 80 percent.

48
Hamartia (tragic flaw)
  • In the context of tragedy, a fatal flaw or error
    that brings about the downfall of someone of high
    status.

49
  • Othellos jealousy, fueled by the false Iago,
    ultimately causes him to kill Desdemona, his wife.

50
Hyperbole
  • Excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration
    of fact

51
  • Ive told you this a million times already!

52
Isocolon
  • A device in which corresponding clauses are of
    exactly equal length.

53
  • I think my wife be honest, and think she is not,
  • I think that thou art just, and think thou art
    not.
  • --Shakespeare, Othello
  • (this quotation also provides examples of
    parison, epistrophe, and anaphora)

54
Inductive reasoning
  • Reasoning in which one arrives at a general
    conclusion from specific instances

55
  • I got hives from the shrimp I ate last night I
    must be allergic to shellfish.

56
In medias res
  • Latin for in the middle of things refers to
    the technique of starting a narrative in the
    middle of the action.

57
  • Antigone opens after Polynieces and the other
    brother, whose name currently escapes me, have
    already killed each other, and their rotting
    corpses are strewn about the plain, an amusement
    park for vultures and flies only later does it
    deal with the events that led to their deaths.

58
Juxtaposition
  • The technique of placing unexpected combinations
    of words or ideas side by side.

59
  • My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from
    this soil, this air
  • --Whitman, Song of Myself

60
Juxtaposition in art
  • Called chiaroscuro
  • A bright white object is placed next to a black
    object and thus both are made more visible.

61
Litotes
  • Deliberate understatement, in which an idea or
    opinion is often affirmed by negating its
    opposite
  • (though this is not the case in the first
    example)

62
  • Its nothing. Im just bleeding to death is all.
  • He is not unfriendly.

63
Meiosis
  • A form of understatement is which something is
    referred to by a name that is disproportionate to
    its true nature.

64
  • In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio is mortally
    wounded, yet he says his wound is only a
    scratch.

65
Metonymy
  • A figure of speech in which something is referred
    to by one of its attributes

66
  • Referring to businesspeople as suits.

67
Mixed Metaphor
  • A combination of metaphors (comparisons of unlike
    things without the use of like or as) that
    produces a confused or contradictory image.

68
  • The meaning of this poem is clouded in a sea of
    difficult syntax.

69
Metaphor
  • The comparison of unlike things without the use
    of like or as

70
  • Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player
  • That struts and frets his hour upon the stage.
  • --Shakespeare, Macbeth

71
Onomatopoeia
  • The use of words that sound like the thing or
    action they refer to.

72
  • Bow-wow
  • Crackle
  • Buzz
  • Zoom

73
Oxymoron
  • The association of two contradictory terms

74
  • Same difference
  • Jumbo shrimp
  • Soft rock

75
Pun (paronomasia)
  • A play on words that exploits the similarity in
    sound between two words with distinctly different
    meanings.

76
  • Oscar Wildes play The Importance of Being
    Earnest exploits the similarity in sound between
    the word earnest, which means serious, and the
    name Ernest, which figures into a scheme that
    some of the plays main characters perpetrate.

77
Poetic license
  • The right of an author to change elements of
    reality, or to break rules of formor other
    conventionsto achieve an effect in a piece of
    writing.

78
  • The choice of poet e.e.cummings to dispense with
    capitalization rules in his name and in his
    writing.
  • In Shame by Salman Rushdie, a characters hair
    spontaneously changes colora phenomenon that
    could never occur in real life.

79
Poetic diction
  • The use of specific types of words, phrases, or
    literary structures that are not common in
    contemporary speech or prose.

80
  • Wilfred Owens Sonnets on Seeing a Piece of
    Artillery Brought into Action, though written in
    the twentieth century, uses antiquated diction
    and the traditional sonnet form. Owen creates an
    ironic contrast between the horrors of modern war
    and the way poets wrote about war in the past
  • Be slowly lifted up, thou long black arm,
  • Great gun towering toward Heaven, about to curse.

81
Personification
  • The use of human characteristics to describe
    animals, objects, or ideas.

82
  • The moon smiled down at us as we sat by the
    river.
  • (This quotation also exemplifies pathetic fallacy)

83
Periphrasis
  • The substitution of a proper noun in place of a
    description (Periphrasis can also apply to the
    reversethe substitution of an illustrative or
    descriptive word or phrase in place of a proper
    noun.)

84
  • Im no Martha Stewart, but I can bake a decent
    pie.
  • Well, where have you been, Mr. Ill-be-over-in-tw
    enty-minutes?

85
Pathetic fallacy
  • The attribution of human feeling or motivation to
    nonhuman object, especially an object found in
    nature.

86
  • In Ode to Melancholy, John Keats describes a
    weeping cloud.

87
Paralipsis (Praeteritio)
  • The technique of drawing attention to something
    by claiming not to mention it.

88
  • I wont stoop to describing the depth of his
    stupidity.

89
Parallelism
  • The use of similar grammatical structures or word
    order in two or more sentences, clauses, or
    phrases to suggest a comparison or contrast
    between them. It can also refer to similarities
    between larger element in a narrative.

90
  • Before, a joy proposed behind, a dream.
  • --Shakespeare, Sonnet 129

91
Paradox
  • A statement that seems absurd or even
    contradictory but that often expresses a deeper
    truth.

92
  • Heaven finds means to kill your joys with love.
  • ---Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

93
Parison
  • The correspondence of words within successive
    sentences or clauses, either by direct repetition
    of a specific word or by matching up nouns or
    verb forms.

94
  • Rose is a rose is a rose.
  • --Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily

95
Polyptoton
  • The repetition of words that come from the same
    root word (battle and embattled)

96
  • Not as a call to battle, though embattled we
    are.
  • --John F. Kennedy, 1961 inaugural address

97
Polysyndeton
  • The device of repeating conjunctions in close
    succession

98
  • Lions and tigers and bears, oh my!
  • --The Wizard of Oz

99
  • In the late summer of that year we lived in a
    house in a village that looked across the river
    and the plain to the mountain. In the bed of the
    river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and
    white in the sun, and the water was clear and
    swiftly moving and blue in the channels.
  • --Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms

100
Rhetorical question
  • A question that is asked not to elicit a response
    but to call attention to or assert something.

101
  • Isnt she great?

102
Romantic irony
  • A technique in which an author reminds the reader
    of his or her presence in the work. By drawing
    attention to the artifice of the work, the author
    ensures that the reader will remain critically
    detached and not accept the writing at face
    value.
  • (This particular technique is also called
    metafiction or self-reflexivity and represents
    one variety of postmodernism)

103
  • In the novel Tristram Shandy, author Laurence
    Sterne discusses the writing of the novel in the
    novel itself.

104
Repetition
  • By bringing up words or ideas on multiple
    occasions, authors emphasize the importance of
    these words or ideas.

105
  • Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered yet
    we have this consolation with us, that the harder
    the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.
    What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly
    it is dearness only that gives everything its
    value.
  • --Thomas Paine, The Crisis, No. 1

106
Sarcasm
  • A simple form of verbal irony, in which it is
    obvious from context and tone that the speaker
    means the opposite of what he or she says.

107
  • Saying that was graceful when someone trips and
    falls.

108
Simile
  • A comparison of two unlike things through the use
    of like or as.

109
  • As hot as the sun

110
Situational irony
  • A technique in which one understanding of a
    situation stands in sharp contrast with another,
    usually more prevalent understanding of the same
    situation.

111
  • Wilfred Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est
    comments on the grotesque difference between
    politicians high-minded praise of the noble
    warrior and the unspeakably awful conditions of
    soldiers at the front.

112
Syllogism
  • A formal argument involving deductive reasoning,
    in which a specific conclusion is inferred form a
    general statement. In this type of argument, the
    speaker offers a general and a specific premise,
    as well as a conclusion.

113
  • All cats purr. This animal is a cat. Therefore,
    this animal must purr.

114
Symbol
  • A concrete object that is made to represent
    something abstract.

115
  • The fish in The Old Man and the Sea represents
    youth.

116
Synaesthesia
  • The use of one kind of sensory experience to
    describe another

117
  • They had a great thirst for viewing new paintings.

118
Synecdoche
  • A figure of speech in which a part of an entity
    is used to refer to the whole or when a genus is
    referred to by a species.

119
  • I want to take a ride in your new wheels!
  • That word occurs only three times in all of
    Shakespeare.

120
My goodness is often chastened by my sense of sin.
  • juxtaposition

121
She was not unmindful
  • litotes

122
eager feeding food doth choke the
feederShakespeare, Richard II
  • polyptoton

123
The jeweler pinned his hopes on broaching the
argument first ?
  • HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!
  • How punny!!!

124
The artist used a cool green
  • synaesthesia

125
We lived and laughed and loved and left
  • polysyndeton

126
It would be unseemly for me to dwell on Senator
Kennedys drinking problem.
  • paralipsis

127
I will speak only of President Obamas positive
traits. After all this is not really about his
superfluous smoking in the White House or his
habitual lying.
  • paralipsis

128
the scent of the rose rang like a bell through
the garden
  • synaesthesia

129
"Detroit is still hard at work on an SUV that
runs on rain forest trees and panda
blood."(Conan O'Brien)
  • metonymy
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