Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America

1
Enlightenment and Revolutionin England and
America
CHAPTER 20

• Section 1 Civil War and Revolution
• Section 2 Constitutional Monarchy in England
• Section 3 English Colonial Expansion
• Section 4 The Enlightenment
• Section 5 The American Revolution

2
Objectives
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles
  I and Parliament.
• Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start
  the English Civil War.
• Identify who would have supported the two sides
  in the English Revolution.
• Investigate what led to the downfall of
  republican government in England.

3
Charles I and Parliament
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Charles I believed in divine right of kings, was
  married to a French Catholic princess
• Parliament opposed his tax measures

4
The Long Parliament
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Irish were dispossessed by British, treated
  brutally
• Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army
• Charles refused to compromise, led troops into
  House of Commons to arrest opponents
• Neither side would compromise

5
English Civil War
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Cavaliers called royalists, supported the king
• Roundheads supported Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell organized New Model Army and
  defeated Charles
• Rump Parliament abolished monarchy and House of
  Lords, proclaimed England a commonwealth, tried
  Charles I for treason

6
Cromwells Commonwealth
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Raised money from taxes and land sales
• Army was disciplined and powerful
• Enemies had no organized army
• Encouraged trade and manufacturing

7
End of the Revolution
Section 1
Civil War and Revolution

• Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then
  dissolved it
• Charles II restored monarchy

8
Objectives
Section 2
Constitutional Monarchy in England

• Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule
  of Charles II and James II.
• Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the
  monarchy after the Restoration.
• Identify the principal features of Britains
  limited constitutional monarchy.

9
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
Section 2
Constitutional Monarchy in England

• Political parties develop Charles tried to
  increase toleration for Catholicism Tories
  supported Anglican Church, Whigs opposed having
  Catholic ruler
• The Glorious Revolution bloodless transfer of
  power in English monarchy religious attitudes
  led to suspicion, conflict with Parliament, and
  opposition to the kings policies

10
Changes in English Government
Section 2
Constitutional Monarchy in England

• Habeas Corpus Act and Declaration of Rights
  protected individuals against unfair arrest and
  imprisonment, unfairly high bail, or cruel or
  unusual punishment
• Toleration Act and Act of Settlement religious
  freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics
  or Jews Act of Settlement kept Catholics from
  the English throne

11
Parliamentary Rule
Section 2
Constitutional Monarchy in England

• Growing power of Parliament monarch must
  consult with Parliament development of cabinet
  and prime minister
• Act of Union united England and Scotland into
  Great Britain
• Constitutional monarchy monarch remained head
  of state, royal powers were limited by
  constitution

12
Objectives
Section 3
English Colonial Expansion

• Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they
  accomplished.
• Explore the results of the British mercantilist
  policy.

13
The Beginnings of the British Empire
Section 3
English Colonial Expansion

• Explorers and sea dogs English sea captains who
  challenged the Portuguese and Spanish monopolies
  of sea trade, plundered foreign ships, helped
  defeat Spanish Armada
• The British in India British East India Company

14
The British in America
Section 3
English Colonial Expansion

• British settlements Jamestown and Plymouth
• Mercantilism and the British colonies
  discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced
  colonists to sell certain products only to Britain

15
Objectives
Section 4
The Enlightenment

• Identify the principal characteristics of
  Enlightenment thinking.
• Analyze the similarities and differences in the
  ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.

16
Crusaders of the Enlightenment
Section 4
The Enlightenment

• Believed that natural law governed human behavior
  and that truth could be determined by logic,
  secularism, and individualism

17
Political Criticism
Section 4
The Enlightenment

• Montesquieu government divided into branches to
  create checks on political power
• Voltaire criticized intolerance and attempts to
  suppress personal freedoms
• Rousseau distrusted reason, opposed strong
  government, supported popular sovereignty

18
Objectives
Section 5
The American Revolution

• Explain how Americans responded to British
  policies after the French and Indian War.
• Describe what type of government Americans set up
  after the American Revolution.

19
Empire and Conflict
Section 5
The American Revolution

• British-French rivalry Seven Years War
  British won control of much of North America
• Increased imperial control Sugar Act, Stamp
  Act, taxation without representation
• Intensified conflict colonists hardened their
  resistance to British policies

20
American Independence
Section 5
The American Revolution

• The Declaration of Independence government is
  created to protect individual rights and cannot
  exist without the consent of the governed, who
  can alter or abolish it
• The war for independence weak American
  government, brutal Hessian mercenaries, strong
  American military leadership
• War and peace French alliance with United
  States, as well as Spain and Netherlands, brought
  American victory

21
Governing a New Nation
Section 5
The American Revolution

• The Articles of Confederation weak central
  government, placed power in individual states
• The Constitution federal government with three
  branches executive, legislative, and judicial
  Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights
• Effects of American independence democracy that
  inspired loyalty