Human Rights

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Human Rights

• They are the Basic rights that we have come to
  value and cherish as part of our life. These
  rights are free speech, freedom of religion,
  trial by jury, freedom of the press, the right to
  express our opinions, the ability to control our
  own destiny, the right to own our own property,
  etc.
• "Q" Why have people been denied their Human
  Rights? 
• The reasons vary  
• 1. Political Oppression (Totalitarian Regimes)
• 2. Religious Persecution
• 3. Racial Discrimination
• 4. Economic Domination (Imperialism / Colonialism)

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• Christians in the Roman Empire
• Why were the Christians persecuted?
• 1. The early Romans were polytheistic, similar to
  the Greeks and their Mythology. Christians were
  monotheistic.  
• 2. Paul traveled throughout the Roman empire
  seeking people to convert to this religion, the
  Roman leaders took this to mean Paul was planning
  to overthrow the government. 
• 3. The Christians were not tolerant of other
  religious groups, as a result they were subject
  to discrimination.

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Colonialism/Imperialism

• Q" What is a Colony?
• A territory or country conquered by a foreign
  country.
• "Q" What is Colonialism?
• when one people or government extends its control
  over foreign people or territories.
• The mother country takes advantage of the
  resources and people in the colony to benefit
  their own economy.

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"Q" How long has colonialism been practiced?

• Colonialism has existed since ancient times.
  Among the most notable empires of the ancient
  world were those of the Egyptians, Babylonians,
  and Persians.
• The Phoenicians established colonies along the
  shores of the Mediterranean as early as 1100 BC.
  Phoenician colonization was motivated by the
  desire to expand and control trade.

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• By the 8th century BC many of the Greek
  city-states were rapidly expanding along the
  coasts of the north Aegean, the Black Sea, and
  southern Italy.
• The Greeks were driven by the need for arable
  land to sustain a growing population and the
  desire to develop commerce.
• The two most famous Greek city-states, Sparta
  and Athens, were colonial powers in roughly the
  6th and 5th centuries BC.

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• "Q" How is modern Colonialism different than in
  Ancient times?
• Modern European colonialism dates from the 15th
  century and can be divided into two overlapping
  phases 1415 to about 1800 and 1800 to World War
  II.
• In the first phase, Western Europe, led by Spain
  and Portugal, expanded in the East Indies and the
  Americas.
• In the second, Great Britain lead European
  expansion into Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.

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• European colonization of the Americas was
  motivated by many objectives
• - The quest for precious metals
• - The need for new land for agriculture
• - The search for freedom from religious
  persecution
• - The desire to convert the indigenous peoples
  (natives) to Christianity.

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"Q" What were the effects of Colonialism?

• The effects of colonialism can best be described
  as mixed, both for the colonizers and the
  colonized.
• An empire brought numerous benefits to the
  colonial powers, including emigration
  opportunities, expanded trade and profits, and
  strategic resources.
• At the same time, conquest brought with it
  significant costs.

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• Colonizers were forced to provide for colonial
  administration, defense, and economic assistance
  and were frequently dragged into conflicts they
  didnt want to get involved with.
• Colonization certainly had harmful effects on the
  peoples of the colonized areas.
• Life-styles were disrupted, cultures destroyed,
  and entire peoples subjugated or exterminated.
• As a result, the so-called Third World countries
  continue to have a deep resentment of the former
  colonial powers.

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• On the other hand, contact with European
  civilization also brought the conquered people
  numerous economic, health, technological, and
  educational benefits.
• "Q" What factors led to the end of Colonialism?
• The collapse of Europe and successive global wars
  in the 20th century resulted in the collapse of
  modern colonialism.
• The growth of self-determination (Nationalism) in
  the colonies and the decline of European
  political and military influence contributed to
  the rapid growth of independence post-1945
• In a matter of three decades, the colonial
  empires built over a number of centuries, were
  almost totally dismantled.

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The African Slave Trade

• While the European involvement in the Trans-
  Atlantic slave trade to the Americas lasted for
  just over three centuries, the Arab involvement
  in the slave trade has lasted fourteen centuries,
  and in some parts of the Muslim world is still
  continuing to this day.
• Between 1450 and the end of the 19th century,
  slaves were obtained from along the west coast of
  Africa with the full and active co-operation of
  African kings and merchants.

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• In return, the African kings and merchants
  received various trade goods including beads,
  cowrie shells (used as money), textiles, brandy,
  horses, and perhaps most importantly, guns.
• Africans were used primarily for Plantation work
  in the Caribbean, and Brazil on the sugar
  plantations.
• While the mortality rate for slaves being
  transported across the Atlantic was as high as
  10, the percentage of slaves dying in transit in
  the Trans Sahara and East African slave trade was
  between 80 and 90!
• While two out of every three slaves shipped
  across the Atlantic were men, the proportions
  were reversed in the Islamic slave trade.

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• The slaves shipped across the Atlantic were for
  agricultural work, the slaves destined for the
  Muslim Middle East were for sexual exploitation
  as concubines, in harems, and for military
  service.
• Slaves who went to the Americas could marry and
  have families, slaves destined for the Middle
  East were castrated, and most of the children
  born to the women were killed at birth.
• It is estimated that possibly as many as 11
  million Africans were transported across the
  Atlantic, however, at least 28 million Africans
  were enslaved in the Muslim Middle East.

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• As at least 80 of those captured by Muslim slave
  traders were calculated to have died before
  reaching the slave markets, it is believed that
  the death toll from the 14 centuries of Muslim
  slave raids into Africa could have been over 112
  million.
• While Christian Reformers spearheaded the
  anti-slavery abolitionist movements in Europe and
  North America, there was no comparable opposition
  to slavery within the Muslim world.

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• Apartheid Rigid separation of the races. Has
  its roots from Imperialism. Started when South
  Africa received independence from the British
  gov't. and the white minority refused to allow
  native South Africans the ability to mix with
  their culture. 
• What were the effects of Apartheid on South
  Africa  
• a. all South Africans were classified as either
  white, black, coloured (mixed races) or Asian.
  Non whites could not vote. They were denied the
  ability to participate in govt.
• b. non whites were restricted as to where they
  could live and where they could work.
• c. all non whites had to carry pass books to
  control their movement.
• d. non whites could not go to "white" schools,
  restaurants, beaches, or ride on their busses.

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• The Sharpeville (Demonstration) Massacre in 1960
  what started as a peaceful demonstration against
  the policies of Apartheid, turned violent when
  police opened fire on the crowd killing more than
  60 people. Nelson Mandela, one of the organizers,
  went into hiding but was captured in 1964 and
  sentenced to life in prison. 
• b. groups such as the ANC (African National
  Congress) and the OAU (Organization of African
  Unity) worked to bring world attention to the
  issue and gain international support
• c. Economic Embargoes were placed upon South
  Africa businesses until they ended the Apartheid
  laws. The United Nations worked to force an end
  to the segregated society that existed.
• d. Archbishop Desmond Tutu used his position to
  rally clerics worldwide to call for an end to
  Apartheid (won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984)

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• the Soweto demonstration of 1976 was caused by
  the law requiring all schools to use the
  Afrikaans language
• In 1990 Nelson Mandela was released from
  prison.
• In 1991 F.W. de Klerk repealed the law
  requiring
• all South Africans to be classified by
  race.
• In 1994 Nelson Mandela is elected President of
  South Africa.

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Ethnic Cleansing Genocide

• The systematic execution of a group of people
  because of their race, religion, or ethnic
  background. There are many examples of Ethnic
  Cleansing that have occurred throughout the
  course of history.
• Rwanda Hutus vs. Tutsis
• In 1993 a violent civil war erupted between 2
  rival tribes in Rwanda. Over 1 million Tutsis
  were exterminated by the Hutus. The Hutus leaders
  then forced over 2 million members of their own
  tribe to flee their country. Some say that they
  hoped the Diaspora would help to create a potent
  army to conquer more land. Instead the Refugees
  settled in barren lands and eventually the
  conditions got so bad that at its worst the death
  rate was 1 per minute. People were dying of
  cholera, dysentery, bubonic plague and the
  measles.

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• The Former Yugoslavia 
• In 1991 this country was ripped apart by civil
  war. The territories of Serbia, Croatia and
  Bosnia were created. Between 1991 and 1995 this
  civil war was responsible for some horrible
  atrocities- the systematic execution and rape of
  many Bosnians.
• These war crimes and the concentration camps that
  were created eventually got the United Nations
  involved to try and end the hostilities.
  Unfortunately the hostilities are still going on
  today.
• Serbians / Orthodox Catholic
• Croatians / Roman Catholic
• Bosnians / Muslim

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• Khmer Rouge Cambodia 1970's 
• Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge renamed
  Cambodia Kampuchea. He then set out to destroy
  all traces of foreign influence. He forced the
  inhabitants of the cities who had come into
  contact with the foreigners to move to the
  country. There many died of starvation as well
  as torture if suspected of being disloyal. More
  than 1 million of the 7 million Cambodians were
  killed in what became known as the Killing
  Fields. In 1979 Vietnamese soldiers invaded
  Cambodia and overthrew Pol Pot
• The Great Purge Joseph Stalin 1930's-1940's 
• In order for Stalin to increase his political
  power he began to systematically execute many
  so-called traitors. The cause of the Purges was
  to eliminate the people that criticized the
  failures of Stalin's five Year Plans. By the time
  these purges were completed it is estimated that
  over 15 million people died in the Soviet Gulags
  (concentration camps.)

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• The Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1969 
• Mao Zedong launched the Great Proletarian
  Cultural Revolution to rid China of its enemies.
  The Red Guard traveled throughout the country
  getting rid of all of Mao's critics. By the time
  the army had to be called out to restore order it
  is estimated that close to 20 million people were
  killed.
• Russians vs. the Ukrainians 1922-1939 
• Between the years 1922 and 1939 the Ukrainians
  tried many times to rebel against Soviet
  aggression. Unfortunately, they were unable to
  resist and as a result they lost their autonomy.
• In 1932 Stalin began his policy of
  Collectivization, since the Russians didn't
  possess enough fertile land the Ukrainians lost
  most of what they produced to feed the Russians.
• As a result 7 million Ukrainians lost their lives
  from malnutrition.
• In 1991, after the fall of the USSR, Ukrainians
  finally received the autonomy they were seeking
  since the early 20's.

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• Turks vs. the Armenians 1908
• In the late 1800's a group of young army officers
  formed a revolutionary group called the Young
  Turks. They wanted to strengthen the Ottoman
  Empire and end Western Imperialism. They
  supported Turkish Nationalism and began a policy
  of religious persecution against Armenian
  Catholics because they distrusted their
  allegiance.

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Darfur

• Darfur has been involved in a deadly conflict for
  over three years.
• More than 2 million innocent civilians have been
  forced to flee their homes and now live in
  displaced-persons camps in Sudan or in refugee
  camps in neighboring Chad.
• Many others died from disease and malnutrition.
  Thousands of women and girls have been
  systematically raped. Villages throughout the
  region have been burned to the ground.
• The conflict in Sudan's western Darfur region has
  its history in a territorial dispute between
  nomads and pastoralists.

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• Nomads have been encroaching on farming
  communities in Darfur for many years.
• Since early 2003, Sudanese armed forces and
  Sudanese government-backed militia known as
  Janjaweed have been fighting two rebel groups
  in Darfur, the Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement
  (SLA/SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement
  (JEM).
• More than 3.5 million men, women, and children
  are completely reliant on international aid for
  survival.

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Gender Discrimination

• When a boy is born in most developing countries,
  friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A
  son means insurance. He will inherit his father's
  property and get a job to help support the
  family.
• When a girl is born, the reaction is very
  different. Some women weep when they find out
  their baby is a girl because, to them, a daughter
  is just another expense.
• The dowry practice makes the prospect of having a
  girl even more distasteful to poor families
• Originally intended to help with marriage
  expenses, dowry came to be seen as payment to the
  groom's family for taking on the burden of
  another woman.
• UNICEF estimates that around 5,000 Indian women
  are killed in dowry-related incidents each year.
  A new bride is at the mercy of her in-laws should
  they decide her dowry is too small

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• In many communities, it's a regular practice to
  breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so
  that women can try to get pregnant again with a
  boy as soon as possible.
• As a result, girls miss out on life-giving
  nutrition during a crucial window of their
  development, which stunts their growth and
  weakens their resistance to disease.

• Young girls receive less food, healthcare and
  fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much
  changes as they become women.
• Tradition calls for women to eat last, often
  reduced to picking over the leftovers from the
  men and boys.

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gender discrimination in India

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v28jQdTNuM2c
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmnmtKLQRh6g

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gender discrimination in China

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vK7XXcwhwL0I
• Discrimination Middle East
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vG_ZWTx-QUj4feature
  related
• Honor Killings
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyJhptP3gv9o

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• Infanticide and Sex-Selective Abortion
• In extreme cases, parents make the horrific
  choice to end their baby girl's life.
• Sex-selective abortions are even more common than
  infanticides in India.
• The gender ratio across India has dropped to an
  unnatural low of 927 females to 1,000 males due
  to infanticide and sex-based abortions
• China has its own long legacy of female
  infanticide. In the last two decades, the
  government's infamous one-child policy has
  weakened the country's track record even more. By
  restricting household size to limit the
  population, the policy gives parents just one
  chance to produce a coveted son before being
  forced to pay heavy fines for additional
  children.

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• In 1997, the World Health Organization declared,
  "more than 50 million women were estimated to be
  'missing' in China because of the
  institutionalized killing and neglect of girls
  due to Beijing's population control program.
• In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for
  women, if a woman steps out of boundsby choosing
  her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking
  divorce from an abusive partnershe has brought
  dishonor to her family and must be disciplined.
• Often, discipline means execution. Families
  commit "honor killings" to salvage their
  reputation tainted by disobedient women.

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• Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that
  they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In
  1998, 48 percent of Palestinian women admitted to
  being abused by an intimate partner within the
  past year.
• In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl
  in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before
  her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was
  the victim and her attacker had been arrested,
  the counsel decided she had brought shame to the
  tribe and ordered her public execution
• Three women fall victim to honor killings in
  Pakistan every dayincluding victims of rape.
• In areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even
  Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct
  falls, by default, to women

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• For the young girls who escape these pitfalls and
  grow up relatively safely, daily life is still
  incredibly hard
• School might be an option for a few years, but
  most girls are pulled out at age 9 or 10 when
  they're useful enough to work all day at home.
• Nine million more girls than boys miss out on
  school every year
• A girl is likely to work from before daybreak
  until the light drains away. She walks barefoot
  long distances several times a day carrying heavy
  buckets of water, most likely polluted, just to
  keep her family alive
• She cleans, grinds corn, gathers fuel, tends to
  the fields, bathes her younger siblings, and
  prepares meals until she sits down to her own
  after all the men in the family have eaten

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• In most African and Asian countries, women's work
  isn't even considered real labor
• Should a woman take a job, she is expected to
  keep up all her responsibilities at home in
  addition to her new ones, with no extra help
• Some families decide it's more lucrative to send
  their daughters to a nearby town or city to get
  jobs that usually involve hard labor and little
  pay.
• That desperate need for income leaves girls easy
  prey to sex traffickers, particularly in
  Southeast Asia, where international tourism
  gorges the illegal industry
• It's estimated that 1 million children around the
  world are involved in the sex trade a third of
  all sex workers in Southeast Asia are between the
  ages of 12 and 17

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women sex trade in thailand

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vqpXrJHShcnE

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• Families in small villages along the Chinese
  border are regularly approached by recruiters
  called "aunties" who ask for their daughters in
  exchange for six years' wages
• Most Thai farmers earn only 150 a year

• "When I was at work, 50 percent of me hated what
  I was doing, But the other 50 percent wanted to
  stay so that I could earn money for my parents

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• Chinese Foot Binding Practices
• Between the ages of four to seven, the foot
  binding process occurred, and young girls would
  have to sit as a strip of bandage ten feet long
  and two inches wide was wrapped tightly around
  the foot.
• The four small toes were broken and bent under
  the sole.  The arch of the foot was indented to
  make the foot appear smaller, a symbol of beauty
  and wealth.   

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• The bandage was tightened each day and a girl's
  foot was put into smaller and smaller shoes until
  the desired three-inch feet were formed. 
• The process took two years, and by the time it
  was finished, the foot was useless for walking.
• In the Chinese culture, a woman could not get
  married unless her foot was bound.  Oftentimes a
  woman's value was measured by the size of her
  feet. 
• Bound feet also became a symbol of chastity, for
  once a woman's feet were properly bound, she
  would never be able to walk again on her own. 
• If she werent carried, then the woman would have
  to resort to crawling on her hands and knees.

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• Lotus shoes were never taken off, even when the
  woman slept. 
• It was not uncommon for a woman's feet to get
  gangrene, or even cause the woman to be
  paralyzed. 
• Sometimes toes would fall off from the
  constriction.

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Corsets

• Nineteenth century women wore corsets to create
  an hour glass figure which was designed to
  improve her attractiveness but the chest, rib
  cage, and abdomen, were permanently deformed.
• the shape of the corset could influence the shape
  of the spine, and that the high waisted corsets
  compressed the lungs to cause respiratory
  diseases, and that low waisted corsets compressed
  the womb to cause problems with menstruation,
  pregnancy, and childbirth

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Corsets were introduced to girls at the age of
fourteen, and after years of pulling tighter and
tighter, as the waist was expected to be 18-19
inches around, several internal organs were
dislocated.
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The Burka

• The women of Afghanistan are treated very harshly
  everyday because of the Sharia laws enforced by
  the Taliban.
• The Sharia is a set of laws that is based on the
  Koran, the Muslim holy book.
• The Sharia laws regulate religion, politics,
  social issues, domestic and private life.
• They regulate almost everything in a womans
  life. The laws even regulate a womans right to
  exist as a human being.

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• Women are considered "lower" than men for many
  reasons. One justification for the low value of
  the woman is that Eve was made from Adams rib.
  Eve also caused them to be kicked out of the holy
  gardens because she ate some of the forbidden
  fruit.
• Under the strict laws of the veil, women are
  considered subhuman. Under them, women are fit
  only for household tasks and procreation

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• A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric
  open down the front. It is thrown over the head
  and held shut in front
• the origin of the Persian custom began in ancient
  Mesopotamia, where respectable women were veiled,
  and servants and prostitutes were forbidden to do
  so.
• The veil marked class status.

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What is Female Genital Mutilation?

• Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a deeply
  entrenched cultural tradition practiced by
  various ethnic groups in more than 28 countries
  on the African continent.
• It is also found among populations in countries
  on the Arabian Peninsula, in the Middle East, and
  in Southeast Asia.
• In the African countries of Djibouti, Eritrea,
  Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Sudan, nearly 90 of
  women are estimated to have been genitally
  mutilated
• FGM includes all procedures involving total or
  partial removal of the external female genitalia
  or other injuries to the female genital organs,
  whether for cultural, religious or other
  non-therapeutic reasons

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• According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
  classification, there are four main types of
  FGMType I partial or total excision of the
  clitoris (clitoridectomy). The traditional name
  for this kind of mutilation is sunna.Type II
  the removal of the prepuce and all or part of
  the labia minora along with the clitoris.Type
  III, the most brutal form, consisting of the
  removal of part or all of the clitoris and the
  removal of the labia minora and the
  stitching/narrowing of the vagina to form a tiny
  opening no larger than a grain of rice or a
  millet seed to allow discharge of urine or the
  menstrual flow

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The origin of Female Genital Mutilation

• According to some experts, excision dates back to
  ancient Egypt but was also practiced on slaves in
  ancient Rome, and was viewed as an expression of
  the right of property on the slaves body
• the practice already existed in sub-Saharan and
  Central-Eastern Africa well before the spread of
  Christianity or Islam
• An estimated 135 million girls have undergone
  Female Genital Mutilation. That is approximately
  6,000 procedures per day

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• The practice of infibulation, where a woman's
  genitals are sown together, helps to ensure
  virginity in young girls, and fidelity in wives.
• Women who are uncircumcised are not trusted to be
  in control of their own sexuality.
• In strongly patriarchal societies, it is
  important that the identity of a child's father
  is known, so that the father's wealth can be
  passed only to his children.

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The Burmese Paduang people known as the 'long
necks' owing to the displacement from
progressively stacking these brass rings over the
neck. Once worn, they can never be removed as the
result would be fatal. The practice derives from
the once held belief that it protected from
Tigers.
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Women whose necks have been stretched by these
rings have very poor balance.  If these rings
were removed, and there was no one to hold up a
woman's neck, then she would suffocate to death.
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Discrimination in Pakistan

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v71_syjTvz2Afeature
  related