Chapter Fourteen Revolution and Nationalism 1900-1939 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 21
About This Presentation
Title:

Chapter Fourteen Revolution and Nationalism 1900-1939

Description:

Chapter Fourteen Revolution and Nationalism 1900-1939 Section One Revolutions in Russia Czars Resist Change In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his father, Alexander II ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:293
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 22
Provided by: Ron127
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Chapter Fourteen Revolution and Nationalism 1900-1939


1
Chapter FourteenRevolution and Nationalism
1900-1939
  • Section One
  • Revolutions in Russia

2
Czars Resist Change
  • In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his father,
    Alexander II, and halted all reforms in Russia.
  • He believed in autocratic rule, a form of
    government in which he had total power.
  • All Russian people had to obey his authority,
    worship in the Russian Orthodox Church, and speak
    only Russian.

3
Czars Continue Autocratic Rule
  • Czar Alexander III imposed strict censorship of
    all written materials.
  • He ordered his secret police to spy on students
    at secondary schools and universities.
  • He ordered political prisoners sent to Siberia, a
    remote region of eastern Russia.
  • He ordered that Russian be the official language
    and made the speaking of other languages illegal.
  • He ordered violence against Jews, destroying
    Jewish homes, stores, and synagogues.
  • When Nicholas II became czar in 1894, he
    continued with these policies.

4
Russia Industrializes
  • Between 1863 and 1900 the number of Russian
    factories doubled.
  • Russia still lagged behind western Europe.
  • In the 1890s Czar Nicholas II sought foreign
    investments and ordered taxes raised to finance
    industrialization.
  • By 1900 Russia became the fourth largest producer
    of steel.
  • By 1916 the Trans-Siberian Railroad had been
    built, connecting western Russia with its ports
    on the Pacific Ocean.

5
The Revolutionary Movement Grows (Part One)
  • Rapid industrialization created many problems for
    the working class.
  • Poor working conditions, miserably low wages, and
    child labor.
  • Unions were outlawed by the czar, but workers
    went on strike anyway in hopes of improving their
    lives.
  • A revolutionary group that followed the views of
    Karl Marx established a following in Russia.
  • The Marxist revolutionaries believed that the
    workers would overthrow the czar and establish a
    dictatorship of the proletariat.
  • This meant the proletariat or workers would rule
    the country.

6
The Revolutionary Movement Grows (Part Two)
  • In 1903, the Marxists split into two groups.
  • The more moderate Mensheviks and the more radical
    Bolsheviks.
  • The Bolsheviks were willing to sacrifice
    everything for change.
  • The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin.
  • He was a great public speaker and organizer.
  • He was also ruthless!
  • He fled Russia in the early 1900s to avoid
    arrest and waited until he could safely return.

7
Crises at Home and Abroad
  • The revolutionaries would not have long to wait
    to realize their visions of proletariat rule.
  • Between 1904 and 1917, Russia faces a series of
    crisis.
  • These events weakened the czar and paved the way
    for revolution.

8
The Russo-Japanese War
  • In the late 1800s, Russia and Japan competed for
    control of Korea and Manchuria (an area of
    north-eastern China).
  • The two nations signed a series of agreements
    over the territories, but Russia broke them.
  • Japan attacked Russian soldiers in these
    territories.
  • The fighting resulted in repeated Russian losses
    and created unrest back at home.

9
Bloody Sunday The Revolution of 1905
  • On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers and their
    families carried a petition to the czar at his
    Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
  • They wanted better working conditions, more
    personal freedom, and an elected legislature.
  • The czars generals ordered their troops to fire
    on the crowd.
  • Hundreds were killed and over 1,000 injured.
  • The event was named Bloody Sunday.
  • This provoked a wave of strikes throughout
    Russia.
  • In October of 1905 Czar Nicholas II created the
    Duma, Russias first parliament.
  • It met in May of 1906, but was dissolved by the
    Czar after only ten weeks, because he didnt want
    to share power.

10
World War I The Final Blow
  • In 1914 Czar Nicholas II ordered Russia into
    World War I.
  • Russia was unprepared to handle the military and
    economic costs.
  • Russian armies were easily defeated by German
    weapons.
  • In the first year alone, Russia had lost over 4
    million men.
  • In 1915, Czar Nicholas II moved his headquarters
    closer to the front in hopes of rallying his
    troops.
  • He left his wife in charge of the government.
  • She fell under the spell of a man named Rasputin.
  • He claimed to have magical powers and helped heal
    her sick son.
  • He opposed reform and eventually was murdered in
    1916.
  • Russian soldiers deserted and ignored orders.
  • The people of Russia demanded change.

11
The March Revolution
  • In March 1917, women workers in Petrograd led a
    strike.
  • Riots began to flare up over the next five days.
  • 200,000 workers swarmed in the streets shouting,
    Down with the autocracy! and Down with the
    war!
  • Soldiers soon joined the rioters.

12
The Czar Steps Down
  • The local protests soon spread and turned into
    the March Revolution.
  • Czar Nicholas II abdicated his thrown.
  • A year later, he and his family were executed by
    the revolutionaries.
  • A provincial, or temporary government was set up
    by the Duma.
  • It was led by Alexander Kerensky.
  • He continued to support Russias involvement in
    the war and soon lost the support of civilians
    and soldiers.
  • Conditions in Russia worsened.
  • Socialist revolutionaries formed soviets or local
    councils that competed for governments power.

13
Lenin Returns to Russia
  • The Germans believed that Lenin would stir
    trouble in Russia.
  • In April of 1917, they arranged to have him
    return to Russia in a sealed railway boxcar.

14
The Bolshevik Revolution
  • Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon gained control of
    the soviets in all major Russian cities.
  • The people rallied behind Lenin and his rallying
    cry of, Peace, Land, and Bread!

15
The Provisional Government Topples
  • In November 1917, without warning, armed factory
    workers stormed the Winter Palace and other
    government buildings.
  • These workers called themselves the Bolshevik Red
    Guard and soon removed Kerensky and his
    government from power.

16
Bolsheviks in Power
  • Upon gaining power, Lenin ordered the
    redistribution of all farmland to the peasants.
  • He gave control of all factories to the workers.
  • In March 1918, he signed a peace treaty with
    Germany, giving away much Russian land.
  • Many Russians were angry at the humiliation this
    treaty brought and with the execution of the
    royal family.

17
Civil War Rages in Russia
  • The Russian people were divided. Some supported
    the White Army, others the Red Army.
  • The White Army had people who supported the czar,
    democracy, and even socialists.
  • The Red Army were the Bolsheviks led by Leon
    Trotsky, who was loyal to Lenin.
  • From 1918 to 1920 civil war raged in Russia.
  • 14 million people died.
  • Western Europe and the U.S. supported the White
    Army, but in the end the Bolsheviks won.

18
Lenin Restores Order
  • The civil war had destroyed the Russian economy.
  • Trade was at a standstill, industrial production
    dropped, and many skilled workers fled to other
    countries.
  • Lenin began to revive the economy and restructure
    the government.

19
New Economic Policy
  • In March of 1921, Lenin began the NEP or New
    Economic Policy.
  • Major industries, banks, and means of
    communication were under government control.
  • Lenin did, however allow peasants to sell surplus
    crops and allowed some small factories,
    businesses, and farms to operate under private
    ownership.
  • By 1928, Russias economy was better than it had
    been prior to World War I.

20
Political Reforms
  • Lenin organized Russia into several
    self-governing republics.
  • In 1922, the country was renamed the Union of
    Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR.
  • The Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist
    Party.
  • In 1924 the Communists created a constitution
    based on socialist and democratic principles.
  • In reality, the Communist Party held all the
    power.
  • Lenin had created a dictatorship of the Communist
    Party.

21
Stalin Becomes Dictator
  • Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922.
  • He survived, but a struggle began over who would
    replace him after his death.
  • Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were in the top
    leadership positions.
  • Stalin was cold, hard, and impersonal.
  • He quickly concentrated power by appointing his
    followers in top government posts.
  • In 1924 Lenin died.
  • By 1928, Stalin was in total command of the
    Communist Party.
  • In 1929 he forced Trotsky into exile.
  • Stalin now had absolute power as dictator of the
    USSR.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com