Treaty of Versailles

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Treaty of Versailles

• A Peace Built Upon Quicksand

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Treaty of Versailles

• Conference January -June 1919
• Settlement drafted by delegates of victorious
  nations in WWI Britain, United States, France,
  and Italy
• We were preparing not Peace only, but Eternal
  Peace. There was about us the halo of some divine
  mission.For we were bent on doing great ,
  permanent and noble things.
• Participant of conference at Versailles,
• World History Continuity Change, p. 612

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• A representative of the new German government met
  with Marshal Foch.
• In a railway car in a forest near Paris, the two
  signed an armistice (an agreement to stop
  fighting).
• On November 11, 1918, World War I came to an end.
• Leaders of the victorious nations gathered
  outside Paris to work out the terms of peace, but
  the peace settlement left many feeling bitter
  betrayed.

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Why Germany Fell
Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Failure of German surge
• German troops mutinied and deserted
• British naval blockade
• Food supplies in short supply
• Riots on streets of Germany
• Kaiser fled abroad
• New government prepared to discuss peace
  terms---Weimar Republic
• Get rid of the monarchy

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GERMAN EAGLE (to German Dove) "Here, carry on
for a bit, will you I'm feeling rather run down."
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Peace at Last
At 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918, Germany agreed
to the armistice, ending World War I.
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The armistice was signed in a railway carriage in
the forest of Compiegne. How and why are these
two images of the same event so different?
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(No Transcript)
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• News of the Armistice brought great relief.
• On both sides of no-mans land, trenches
  erupted, they threw their helmets in the air,
  discarded their guns, waved their hands, then the
  two groups of men all up and down the fronts
  began edging toward each other, hesitantly at
  first, but when they met up, they began hugging
  each other, dancing, jumping, passing out
  cigarettes and chocolate.
• The French the Germans were not only hugging
  each other but kissing each other on both cheeks
  as well.

• The final toll of the war was staggering.
• It lasted 4 years, involved more than 30 nations
  was the bloodiest war in history to that time.
  
• Deaths numbered over 30 million, half of them
  civilians who died as a result of disease,
  starvation or exposure.
• In addition, 20 million more people were wounded
  an additional 10 million became refugees.
• Historians estimate the direct economic cost of
  the war to have been about 350 billion.

Total casualties Russia 9,300,000 Germany
7,209,413 France 6,220,800 Austria-Hungary
4,650,200 Britain 3,428,535 U.S. 325,236
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Aftermath of World War I Consequences

• Social
• almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over
  20 million are wounded
• millions of civilians died as a result of the
  hostilities, famine, and disease
• the world was left with hatred, intolerance, and
  extreme nationalism.

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Aftermath of World War I Consequences Continued

• Economic
• the total cost of the war over 350 billion.
  How was this paid for???
• heavy taxes causes lower standard of living for
  the European people.
• international trade suffers nations raise the
  tariffs on imports and exports.
• Russia communist seize power and introduce a
  new economic system.
• economic collapses bring on the Great Depression
  of the late 1920s and 1930s.

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Aftermath of World War I Consequences Continued

• Political
• U. S. emerges as a world power because of the
  assumption of international responsibilities.
• 3 major European dynasties are taken out of
  power Romanovs--Russia, Hohenzollerns--Germany,
  Hapsburgs--Austria-Hungary.
• New states are created in central Europe, some
  containing several different nationalities,
  especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• The League of Nations is created to solve
  international problems and maintain world peace.
  Will be a failure.
• Many nations turn to military dictatorshipsprimar
  ily Russia, Italy, and Germany, to control their
  political problems.

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Does this information help you to understand why
so many people wanted revenge after the war? Why
or why not? Respond on Left Side.

• Around 8 million people had been killed
• The cost of the war was roughly nine thousand
  million pounds
• The destruction of land, homes, farms and
  factories was huge
• Millions more people died after the war due to
  famine and disease

In France and Belgium, where most of the war was
fought, 300,000 houses, 6,000 factories, 1,000
miles of railway, 2,000 breweries and 112 coal
mines were destroyedIn some ways, mankind has
never recovered from the horrors of the First
World War. John D. Clare, First World War (1994)
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Impact in Europe

• The effects of World War I in Europe were
  devastating.
• European nations lost almost an entire generation
  of young men.
• France, where most of the fighting took place,
  was in ruins.
• Great Britain was deeply in debt to the U.S. and
  lost its place as the worlds financial center.
• The reparations forced on Germany by the Treaty
  of Versailles were crippling to its economy.
• World War I would not be the war to end all
  wars, as some called it.
• Too many issues were left unresolved.
• Too much anger and hostility remained among
  nations.
• Within a generation, conflict would again break
  out in Europe, bringing the United States and the
  world back into war.

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The Mood in 1919

• Most countries felt Germany should pay for the
  damage and destruction caused by the War.
• The countries of Europe were exhausted.
• Their economies and industries were in a poor
  state.
• Millions had died. Almost every family had lost a
  member in the fighting.
• Ordinary citizens faced shortages of food and
  medicine.

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The Paris Peace Conference

• President Wilson led American negotiators
  attending the peace conference in Paris in
  January 1919.
• His attendance of the Paris Peace Conference made
  him the first U.S. President to visit Europe
  while in office.
• Republicans criticized Wilson for leaving the
  country when it was trying to restore its
  economy.
• Wilsons dream of international peace, though,
  required him to attend the conference as a fair
  and unbiased leader to prevent squabbling among
  European nations.
• The Paris Peace Conference began on January 12,
  1919, with leaders representing 32 nations, or
  about three-quarters of the worlds population.
• The leaders of the victorious AlliesPresident
  Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd
  George, French premier Georges Clemenceau, and
  Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlandobecame
  known as the Big Four.
• Germany and the Central Powers were not invited
  to attend.

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Der Tail Alvays Sticks Oudt" The San Antonio
Express November 3, 1918
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General Purpose

• To maintain a balance of power in Europe like the
  Congress of Vienna
• To prevent another war
• Unfortunately, nations had differing aims

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David Lloyd-George Great Britain
Woodrow Wilson USA
Orlando Italy
Georges Clemenceau France
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The Four Major Leaders
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End of the War Continued

• Eventually five treaties emerged from the
  Conference that dealt with the defeated powers.
• The five treaties were named after the Paris
  suburbs
• Versailles (Germany),
• St Germain (Austria),
• Trianon (Hungary),
• Neuilly (Bulgaria)
• and Serves (Turkey).
• These treaties imposed territorial losses,
  financial liabilities and military restrictions
  on all members of the Central Powers.

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Woodrow Wilson

• President of the USA.
• Wilson was an idealist and reformer, who wanted
  to build a better and more peaceful world.
• He didnt want the Treaty to be too harsh as he
  believed this would lead to revenge.
• He wanted to set up a peace keeping body The
  League of Nations
• Wilson did not understand the deep feelings of
  hatred in Europe.

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America (Wilson)

• Fourteen Points including self-determination,
  reduction in militaries, and the League of
  Nations
• American public preferred not to entangle itself
  with Europe (ex. Henry Cabot Lodge)

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Americas View A Peace of Justice

• Woodrow Wilson of America had been genuinely
  stunned by the savagery of the Great War.
• He could not understand how an advanced
  civilization could have reduced itself so that it
  had created so much devastation.
• In America, there was a growing desire for the
  government to adopt a policy of isolation and
  leave Europe to its own devices.
• In failing health, Wilson wanted America to
  concentrate on itself and, despite developing the
  idea of a League of Nations, he wanted an
  American input into Europe to be kept to a
  minimum.
• He believed that Germany should be punished but
  in a way that would lead to European
  reconciliation as opposed to revenge.

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Americas View Continued

• He had already written about what he believed the
  world should be like in his "Fourteen Points" The
  main points in this document were
• no more secret treaties
• countries must seek to reduce their weapons and
  their armed forces
• national self-determination should allow people
  of the same nationality to govern themselves and
  one nationality should not have the power to
  govern another
• all countries should belong to the League of
  Nations.

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The Fourteen Points

• In a speech to Congress before the war ended,
  President Wilson outlined a vision of a just and
  lasting peace.
• His plan was called the Fourteen Points, and
  among its ideas were
• Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, the removal
  of trade barriers, and the reduction of military
  arms
• A fair system to resolve disputes over colonies
• Self-determination, or the right of people to
  decide their own political status and form their
  own nations
• Establishing a League of Nations, or an
  organization of countries working together to
  settle disputes, protect democracy, and prevent
  future wars
• The Fourteen Points expressed a new philosophy
  that applied progressivism to U.S. foreign
  policy.
• The Fourteen Points declared that foreign policy
  should be based on morality, not just on whats
  best for the nation.

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What does this source tell you about the British
publics feelings towards Germany in 1918?
Respond to this on your Left Side.
The Germans, if this government is elected, are
going to pay every penny they are going to be
squeezed, as a lemon is squeezed, until the pips
squeak. (Sir Eric Geddes, December 1918)
Sir Eric Geddes was Minister of Munitions in
Britain, Controller of the Navy and First Lord of
the Admiralty at different points during The
First World War.
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Siegfried Sassoon, the poet, wrote in his diary
on November 6, 1918

• Saw Winston Churchill for a few minutes at the
  Ministry. Full of victory talkOne feels that
  England is going to increase in power enormously.
  They mean to skin Germany alive. A peace to
  end peace!

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The British General Election in December 1918
was punctuated by bellowings that the Kaiser
should be hanged, that Germany should pay up.Few
realised the harmful effects of uniformed and
aggressive public opinion which had been aroused
by years of war propaganda, and whipped up by the
popular press Martin Kitchen, Europe Between
The Wars, 1988.
Discuss how difficult must it have been for the
Allies to get the right balance between
punishment and creating a lasting peace? Do with
your partner and write on Left Side.
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David Lloyd George

• The prime minister of Great Britain.
• He was a realist.
• An experienced politician who realised there must
  be compromise.
• The people of Britain wanted revenge.
• He knew this would lead to war but he represented
  the people.

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• Lloyd George (UK)
• Germany to be justly punished, but not too
  harshly
• Germany to lose its navy and colonies as these
  were a threat to Britain's own navy and empire
• Germany and Britain to become trading partners

BUT Overall, Lloyd George did not want to punish
Germany too harshly as he did not want Germany
seeking revenge in the future
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Britain

• Protect overseas territory and naval superiority
• Germany can remain a major power
• Public opinion wanted Germany to pay
• Represented by David Lloyd George

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Great Britains Peace of Vengeance

• David Lloyd George of Great Britain had two views
  on how Germany should be treated.
• His public image was simple.
• He was a politician and politicians needed the
  support of the public to succeed in elections.
• If he had come across as being soft on Germany,
  he would have been speedily voted out of office.
• The British public was after revenge and Lloyd
  George's public image reflected this mood.
• "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay" were two
  very common calls in the era immediately after
  the end of the war and Lloyd George, looking for
  public support, echoed these views.

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The Children by Rudyard Kipling 1917

• These were our children who died for our lands
  they were dear in our sight.
• We have only the memory left of their
  home-treasured sayings and laughter.
• The price of our loss shall be paid to our hands,
  not anothers hereafter.
• Neither the Alien nor Priest shall decide it.
  That is our right.
• But who shall return us the children?
• At the hour the Barbarian chose to disclose his
  pretences,
• And raged against Man, they engaged, on the
  breasts that they bared for us,
• The first felon-strike of the sword he had
  long-time prepared for us,
• Their bodies were all our defence while we
  wrought our defences.

• They bought us anew with their blood, forbearing
  to blame us,
• Those hours which we had not made good when the
  Judgement oercame us.
• They believed us and perished for it. Our
  statecraft, our learning
• Delivered them bound to the Pit and alive to the
  burning
• Whither they mirthfully hastened as jostling for
  honour---
• Not since her birth has our Earth seen such worth
  loosed upon her.
• Nor was their agony brief, or once, only imposed
  on them.
• The wounded, the war-spent, the sick received no
  exemption
• Being cured they returned and endured and
  achieved our redemption,
• Hopeless themselves of relief, till Death
  marvelling, closed on them.

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The Children continued

• That flesh we had nursed from the first in all
  cleanness was given
• To corruption unveiled and assailed by the malice
  of Heaven---
• By the heart-shaking jests of Decay where it
  lolled on the wires---
• To be blanched or gay-painted by fumes---to be
  cindered by fires---
• To be senselessly tossed and retossed in stale
  mutilation
• From crater to crater. For this we shall take
  expiation.
• But who shall return us our children?
• What stance does this poem take towards the peace
  process?
• How can you tell?

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Lloyd Georges Private Views

• He was very concerned about the rise of communism
  in Russia .
• He feared that it might spread to western
  Europe.
• After the war had finished, Lloyd George believed
  that the spread of communism posed a far greater
  threat to the world than a defeated Germany.
• Privately, he felt that Germany should be
  treated in such a way that left her as a barrier
  to resist the expected spread of communism.
• He did not want the people of Germany to become
  so disillusioned with their government that they
  turned to communism.

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Private Views of Lloyd George Continued

• Lloyd George did not want Germany treated with
  lenience but he knew that Germany would be the
  only country in central Europe that could stop
  the spread of communism if it burst over the
  frontiers of Russia.
• Germany had to be punished but not to the extent
  that it left her destitute.
• However, it would have been political suicide to
  have gone public with these views.

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• Lloyd George (UK)
• There was pressure at home to make Germany pay
  if he had been too soft he would have been voted
  out as PM.
• Lloyd George hated the Treaty.
• However "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay"
  were two very common calls in the era immediately
  after the end of the war and Lloyd George,
  looking for public support, echoed these views.
• He liked the fact that Britain got German
  colonies, and the small German navy helped
  British sea-power.
• But, although many British people wanted to
  make Germany pay, Lloyd George thought that the
  Treaty was too harsh, and that it would start
  another war in 25 years time.

What did Lloyd George like and dislike about the
Treaty?
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For the Apostles of No Humiliation by Owen
Seaman in Punch on Oct 23, 1918

• Rumours arrive thick as swarming bees
• Our evening rags announce with raucous clamour
• The latest wire, the semi-final wheeze
• Transmitted by the fertile Rotterdammer,
• Giving a local version
• Of William Twos spontaneous dispersion.
• They leave me cold. I care not how he pays
• The heavy debt his deeds of wanton fury owe---
• Whether he puts his orb to bed, or stays
• On exhibition like an antique curio
• The reckoning we charge
• Has to be settled by the Hun at large.

• Here and elsewhere his advocates impute
• Innocence to the Bosch---a gentle creature,
• Too prone perhaps to lick the tyrants boot.
• But otherwise without a vicious feature
• Theyd have our wrath abated
• Poor child, he must not be humiliated.
• Why not? Against his armys bestial crimes
• He never lifted one protesting finger
• The wrongs of Belgium drew his jocund rhymes
• Over the Hymn of Hate he loved to linger.
• Pressing the forte pedal
• And wore---for luck---the Lusitania medal.

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For the Apostles continued

• He took a holiday for children slain,
• And butchered women set his flags a-flutter
• Our drowning anguish served for his light refrain
• To beery patriots homing down the gutter
• On prisoners he spat,
• The helpless ones, and thanked his Gott for that.
• Had he but fought a decent nations fight,
• Clean-handed, then we must have spared his
  honour
• But now, if Germany goes down in night,
• Tis he, not we, that puts the shame upon her,
• Shame not of mere defeat,
• But such that never our hands again can meet.

• Why should his pride of race be spared a fall?
• Let him go humble all his days for sentence.
• Why pity him as just a Kaisers thrall,
• This beast at heart---though fear may fake
  repentance?
• For me, when all is said,
• I save my pity for the murdered dead.
• What arguments are made to deal with Germany
  harshly in this poem?

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George Clemenceau
He was seeing redwanted revenge

• President of France.
• Clemenceau had seen France invaded by Germany in
  1870 and 1914, he wanted to make sure this would
  never happen again.
• France had suffered greatly during the War they
  wanted compensation and revenge.
• Uncompromising.

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France

• Bitter over French and Prussian War
• Permanently weaken Germany to protect France
  (after two invasions)
• Some wanted Germany divided
• Represented by Premier Georges Clemenceau

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Frances Views A Peace of Vengeance

• Georges Clemenceau of France had one very simple
  belief - Germany should be brought to its knees
  so that she could never start a war again.
• This reflected the views of the French public but
  it was also what Clemenceau himself believed in.
• He had seen the north-east corner of France
  destroyed and he determined that Germany should
  never be allowed to do this again.
• "The Tiger" did not have to adapt his policies to
  suit the French public - the French leader and
  the French public both thought alike.

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• Clemenceau (France)Clemenceau liked the harsh
  things that were in the Treaty, especially
  reparations, because they would weaken Germany
  while helping France to recover.
• He had one very simple belief - Germany should be
  brought to its knees so that she could never
  start a war again (France had been invaded by
  Germany before in 1871).
• He liked the idea of a small German army, and the
  demilitarised zone in the Rhineland, because he
  thought that this would protect France from
  attack in the future.
• Also, he was pleased that France received
  Alsace-Lorraine as this had been taken off France
  by Germany in 1871.
• In truth though, he wanted the Treaty to be
  harsher.

What did Clemenceau like and dislike about the
Treaty?
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Vittorio Orlando

• Italian Prime Minister.
• Wanted land and territory for Italy.
• Self determination stopped Italy getting the
  lands especially Fiume.
• Walked out of the meeting when he didnt get his
  way in April 1919.
• Returned to sign the Treaty in May.

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Italys Views Obtain Land

• Linked to the "Big Three" was Italy led by
  Vittorio Orlando.
• He was frequently left on the sidelines when the
  important negotiations took place despite Italy
  fighting on the side of the Allies.
• Why was Italy treated in this manner?
• 1)At the start of the war in 1914, Italy should
  have fought with Germany and Austria as she had
  signed the Triple Alliance which dictated that if
  one of the three was attacked, the other two
  would go to that country's aid.
• 2)Italy did not join in on Germany's side but
  waited until 1915 and joined the side of Britain
  and France.
• 3)This association with Germany was enough to
  taint Italy in the eyes of the "Big Three".

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Treatment of Italy Continued

• Why was Italy treated in this manner?
• 4)Also Italy had not played an overwhelming part
  in the war.
• Her army had been beaten at the battles of
  Caporetto.
• 5)Her strategic importance to central Europe was
  minimal whilst Britain dominated the
  Mediterranean with naval bases in Malta and
  Gibraltar.
• Italy's potential military clout in 1919, should
  the need arise to put pressure on Germany and
  Austria, was limited.

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Political Cartoon on Futile Attempts of America

• Respond on your Left Side
• What do you think is the point of this political
  cartoon?
• What do you think the caption for this political
  cartoon should be?

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After reading this source, how do you think the
Germans felt at the end of World War One?
Respond to this prompt on your Left Side.
Through the doors at the endcome four officers
of France, Great Britain, America and Italy. And
then, isolated and pitiable, come the two
Germans, Dr. Muller and Dr. Bell. The silence is
terrifyingThey keep their eyes fixed away from
those two thousand staring eyes, fixed on the
ceiling. They are deathly paleThere is general
tension. They sign. There is general
relaxationWe kept our seats while the Germans
were conducted like prisoners from the dock.
(Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919.)
Peace
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Treaty of Versailles end of WWI

• The main points of the Treaty BRAT  
• 1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting
  the war
• 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage
  done during the war.

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Versailles cont. .

• 3.     Germany was forbidden to have submarines
  or an air force.   She could have a navy of only
  six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.
   

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Versailles

• 4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe
  (see map). Germanys colonies were given to
  Britain and France.

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Germany had to hand over some 70,000 square
kilometres of land. This accounted for about 13
of all of her land and six million of her people
who lived there.

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An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a
period of fifteen years. No German troops were
to be allowed into the occupation zone.
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Treaty of Versailles Items

• The Treaty of Versailles includes 440 articles.
  The principal items are
• Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France.
• Germany has to cede the coal mines in the
  Saar-area to France.
• Germany has to cede an area with Moresnet, Eupen,
  Malmédy and St. Vith to Belgium.
• Germany has to cede the main part of West-Prussia
  and almost the whole province of Posen to the new
  state of Poland.
• Germany has to cede all colonies Togo en
  Cameroun, the territories in East- and South-West
  Africa, islands in the Pacific and possessions in
  China.

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Treaty of Versailles Items Continued

• All German properties in foreign countries are
  confiscated.
• Germany has to cede all war material to the
  Allies.
• German compulsory military service is abolished,
  as well as the General Staff.
• Germany is not allowed to have tanks, airplanes,
  submarines, large warships and poison gas.
• During 15 years Germany is not allowed to station
  troops on the left border of the river Rhine and
  in a 50 km strip on the right border of the
  Rhine.
• The total size of the Germany army is not to
  exceed 100,000 men.

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Treaty of Versailles Items Continued

• The German navy has a maximum of 15,000 men.
• Germany is allowed a total of 4,000 officers.
• Germany is not to take part in the League of
  Nations.
• Austria has to cede South-Tyrol to Italy.
• Turkey has to cede all foreign possessions.
  England gets Iraq, Palestine and Trans-Jordan,
  France gets Syria and Lebanon.

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Treaty of Versailles Items Continued

• Germany has to cede to the allies all seagoing
  ships with a carrying capacity exceeding 1600
  Brt, plus half of all ships between 1000 and 1600
  Brt.
• Furthermore one fourth of the fishing fleet and
  two fifths of the inland navigation fleet has to
  be ceded.
• Germany has to cede large amounts of machinery
  and building materials, trains and trucks.
• Germany has to deliver certain amounts of coal,
  chemicals, dye and fuel for many years.
• All German sub-ocean telegraph cables are
  confiscated.
• Germany has to pay 20 billion goldmarks.

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War Guilt Clause

• Article 231 of the Treaty
• "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and
  Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and
  her allies for causing all the loss and damage to
  which the Allied and Associated Governments and
  their nationals have been subjected as a
  consequence of the war imposed upon them by the
  aggression of Germany and her allies.
• Germans felt the clause was unjust

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Mandate System

• Germany lost all overseas territories and a
  mandate system set up where Allied Countries
  pledged to prepare the subjects for
  self-government
• South-West Africa under South Africa and
  Ruanda-Urundi went to Belgium
• Tanganyika, Nigeria Gold Coast went to Great
  Britain
• Togo and Cameroons went to France
• Ottoman Empire lost control of Arab lands in the
  Middle East
• Palestine, Iraq Transjordan mandate of Great
  Britain
• Lebanon Syria mandate of France

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Africa Mandates
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageGer_claims
_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg
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Middle East Mandates
http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
Id3860950
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TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919
The Treaty was designed to cripple Germany
militarily, territorially and economically
REVENGE ON GERMANY
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
GERMANYS MILITARY FORCES REDUCED
Germany had to accept blame for starting WW1
NO UNION WITH AUSTRIA
- Army restricted to 100,000 men. - No modern
weapons such as tanks, military air force. - Navy
could not have battle ships over 10,000 tons and
no U-Boats.
THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919
REPARATIONS
Germany forced to pay massive fine for war
damages - 1,000,000,000 Marks (6.6bn pounds).
GERMAN OVERSEAS TERRITORRIES
RHINELAND TO BE DE-MILITARISED
Germany lost Chinese ports Amoy and Tsingtao,
Pacific Islands, and African colonies Tanganika
and German SW Africa.
GERMAN NATIONAL TERRITORY

• Germany lost national territory which was given
  to Belgium and Denmark, most went to Poland.

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(No Transcript)
66
Things to Consider about the Treaty

• Note 1 The reparations were progressively
  reduced by the Dawes (1924) and Young (1929)
  Plans. In 1932 they were forgiven completely. By
  that time the damage had been done 1.
  Destruction of the German currency and economy -
  what was left after the war anyway -, and 2.
  Destruction of the nation's political stability
  that allowed major riots and street battles
  between Communists, Nazis and others, leading to
  the successful grab for power by Adolf Hitler.

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Things to Consider about the Treaty

• Note 2 The terms imposed on Germany at
  Versailles were much more mild than those Germany
  had imposed on Russia (the Brest-Litovsk treaty,
  summer 1918), or those that Germany planned to
  impose on the Western Allies if she had won the
  war - including, among other things, the
  subjugation of Belgium, innocent victim of German
  aggression in 1914.

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Things to Consider about the Treaty

• Note 3 Had the Versailles Treaty been applied as
  envisioned, Germany would not have been rearming
  in 1932.
• 1. The fact that Germany did rearm was not a
  problem brought about by the Treaty.
• 2. In the end, Versailles became a dog's dinner.
  It neither crushed Germany enough to stop her
  rise again, yet it was still able to humiliate
  her.

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1914--------------------1919

70
Newly Formed Countries

• Yugoslavia
• Czechoslovakia
• Poland
• East Prussia
• Lithuania
• Latvia
• Estonia
• Turkey
• Finland
• Separate Austria and Hungary

71
Redrawn Boundaries After Treaty

• Here are the newly formed countries out of the
  old Austria-Hungary, German, and Ottoman Empires.

72
Old Countries with New Borders

• Italy
• Greece
• Bulgaria
• Romania
• Belgium
• Denmark
• France

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A German nationalist responds to the terms of the
treaty

• People and government have, during the most
  recent days, unambiguously made clear that we
  cannot sign the document which our enemies call a
  peace. One thing is certain, that any
  government, which, by its signature, would confer
  upon this work of the devilthe halo of right,
  would, sooner or later be driven outNothing is
  left but to remain cold-blooded, offer passive
  resistance wherever possible, and show contempt
  and pride
• ---Alfred von Wegerer
• May 28, 1919

• Do this on your Left Side
• What is his view of the Treaty of Versailles?
• What is he threatening?
• Why does this not bode well for a lasting peace?

75
Shows Germany as beaten but still big and solid
enough to be dangerous
British and French police
Shows what cartoonist thinks the Treaty terms
should do to Germany
Devastation caused by war
Large and solid (prisoner wont escape)
Deliberately shown as civilians (not army)
GIVING HIM ROPE? German criminal (to Allied
Police) Here, I say, stop! Youre hurting me!
Aside If I only whine enough I may be able to
wriggle out of this yet!
Suggests cartoonist thinks Germany will try to
worm out of responsibility for war
76

1. Describe the scene shown, what is the storyline?
2. Then, assess the individual features in the
   cartoon.
3. Then, identify the political message intended by
   the cartoonist.

Punch was Britains main political magazine of
the period.
Why the candle snuffer? What political message
does it represent?
What does the Angel represent?
What does the candle represent?
What is the general political message of the
cartoon?
77
German Postcard

• German postcard produced about the time of the
  Treaty of Versailles.   
• Its title is 'Hands off German Homeland'.  
• On the stone (bottom left) is written 'd.ö.'
  standing for Deutsch-österreich (German Austria).
  

78
Peace by Eleanor Farjeon

• I am as awful as my brother War,
• I am the sudden silence after clamour.
• I am the face that shows the seamy scar
• When blood has lost its frenzy and its glamour.
• Men in my pause shall know the cost at last
• That is not to be paid in triumph or tears.
• Men will begin to judge the thing thats past
• As men will judge it in a hundred years.
• Nations! Whose ravenous engines must be fed
• Endlessly with the father and the son,
• My naked light upon your darkness, dread!---
• By which ye shall behold what ye have done
• Whereon, more like vulture than a dove,
• Ye set my seal in hatred, not in love.

• Let no man call me good. I am not blest.
• My single virtue is in the end of crimes.
• I only am the period of unrest,
• The ceasing of the horrors of the times
• My good is but the negative of ill,
• Such ill as bends the spirit with despair,
• Such ill as makes the nations soul stand still
• And freeze to stone beneath its Gorgon glare.
• Be blunt, and say that peace is but a state
• Wherein the active soul is free to move,
• And nations only show as mean or great
• According to the spirit then they prove.---
• O which of ye whose battle-cry is Hate
• Will first in peace dare shout the name of Love?

79
Source C A German postcard, produced about the
time of the Treaty of Versailles, showing the
land where Germans lived.   The areas in red are
the lands given to other countries by the Treaty
of Versailles,( including the land lost by
Austria).        Its title is 'Lost but not
forgotten land'. The poem under the map
reads  You must carve in your heart  These
words, as in stone -   What we have lost   Will
be regained!
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Vengeance! German Nation Today in the
Hall of Mirrors of Versailles the disgraceful
Treaty is being signed. Do not forget it! The
German people will with unceasing labour press
forward to reconquer the place among nations to
which it is entitled. Then will come the
vengeance for the shame of 1919. From the
Deutsche Zeitung The German Express
newspaper.
Source 5
Source 7
Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for
mercy from the enemy. In these nights hatred grew
in me, hatred for those responsible for the
dead. By Adolf Hitler, who had served in the army
and became a future leader of Germany
81

• Gave rise to Hitler who used the Treaty of
  Versailles as a rallying cry for nationalism and
  revenge.
• Dictated Peace of Versailles

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Film Clip
83
Film Clip
84
What was the League of Nations?

• An idea of American President Woodrow Wilson
  following the first world war
• An international police force made up of
  representatives of many countries
• An organisation that would allow disputes to be
  settled without resorting to war, based in Geneva
  (neutral).

85
Differing views on how the League should operate
America Britain France

A world parliament where representatives would meet regularly to decide on matter which affected all of them A simple organisation that would meet during emergencies A strong League capable of enforcing decisions with its own army
86

• Each of these types of League has advantages and
  disadvantages Which idea do you think is best
  and why? Write on your Left Side.
• France Although Frances idea of a strong
  League would mean it could be an effective force,
  the League was meant to be centred on peace.
  Potentially, its own army could provoke another
  war
• Britain Britains simpler idea would mean that
  the League would merely dealing with emergencies
  rather than working on preventing them from of
  occurring in the first place
• America Americas version of the League would
  be expensive and a complicated to organise,
  although it might have been the most effective
  version in terms of keeping peace

87
However, the idea of joining the League was not
popular with all Americans
Many Americans did not think the Treaty of Versailles was fair. As the League was linked with the treaty, they did not want to be a part of it Americans wanted to stay out of disputes that might enter their troops into the kind of carnage of the first world war
Others wanted to avoid the economic cost of joining the League Many Americans were anti-French or Anti-British. They thought the League would be run by these countries and did not want to get involved with their affairs
88
Wilsons party lost the election in 1919. His
opponents promised to follow a policy of
isolationism (staying out of international
affairs). And so America did not join the League
of Nations
89
The League of Nations
Encourage co-operation
Stop aggression
AIMS
Improve social conditions
Disarmament
90
Aims of the League

1. Discourage aggression from any country
2. Encourage co-operation in business and trade
3. Encourage disarmament
4. Improve working and living conditions for people
   across the world

91
Membership What problems do you see from this?
Write on Left Side.

• 42 members - by 1930s 59
• Defeated countries could not join e.g. Germany
• Russia excluded because communist
• USA did not join - isolation from world affairs
• A club for the victorious?

92
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageLeague_of_Natio
ns_Anachronous_Map.PNGfile
93
When it opened, some countries were not members
of the League

• America- had become isolationist
• Germany- As a defeated country who was blamed
  for staring the Great war, Germany was not
  invited to join
• Russia- Were not invited to join the League,
  mainly due to their Communist government

94
The Structure of the League of Nations
95
Structure
The Assembly Each country one vote
The Council Met several times a year and in
emergencies 5 permanent members Each had right to
veto any idea
Permanent court of International Justice Based at
The Hague Settle disputes peacefully No power of
enforcement
The Secretariat Kept records - civil service
96
Powers of the League

• If a country ignored the ruling of the League it
  could
• Put pressure on
• Refuse to trade - sanctions
• Send in troops - member countries join together

97
Powers of the League

• The Covenant of the League set out three ways the
  League could settle disputes
• A hearing by a neutral country
• A ruling by the International Court of Justice
  (whats the weakness with this?)
• An Inquiry by the council

98
If this didnt work the League could take action

• MORAL SANCTIONS Put pressure on the guilty
  country to stop.
• ECONOMIC SANCTIONS Members would refuse to
  trade with the guilty country.
• MILITARY SANCTIONS Members of the league would
  join armed forces together to take action NOTE
  never used!

Can you see any weaknesses in the Leagues
powers? Respond on Left Side.
99
Strengths of the League

• Many countries supported it in early days - they
  wanted peace
• Had some early successes
• Settled some land disputes in 1920s
• Helped refugees,
• Dealt with spread of disease,
• Fought for better conditions for people

100
Successes in the 1920s

• With the Leagues help over 400 000 prisoners of
  war were returned home
• The slavery Commission brought about the freeing
  of over 200 000 slaves in British-owned
  Sierra-Leone and organised raids against slave
  owners and traders in Burma
• The Health Committee worked hard to defeat
  leprosy and malaria. It later became the World
  Health Organisation
• Sweden accepted the Leagues decision to give the
  Aaland islands to Finland. The two countries
  thereby avoided going to war for them
• The League divided Upper Silesia between Germany
  and Poland after a plebiscite showed a clear
  divide. Both countries accepted this decision.

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102
Weaknesses of League

• USA didnt join
• No real power - relied on goodwill and persuasion
• No permanent army
• Disarmament not realistic
• Structure a disaster - everyone had to agree
  before any action taken

103
1929 Wall Street Crash!

• This is MAJOR turning point for the league
• Many members of the League were now focussed on
  solving domestic problems.
• The crash created a depression in Europe causing
  unemployment and poverty.
• Dictators rose to power as they promised a
  solution to problems.
• These were new problems for the League to face
• Had a major effect on Japan who relied heavily
  on international trade.
• This would eventually contribute towards the
  invasion of Manchuria

104
Failure of Collective Security

• During the 1930s three powers--Japan, Italy and
  Germany--grew increasingly aggressive.
• Each sought to enhance its influence and to
  expand its territory through the use of military
  force.
• Anxious to avoid war, the Western democracies
  yielded time and again to the aggressors.

World History Continuity Change, p.684
105
The 1930s

• Were BAD for the League
• The 1930s are always seen as bad for the league
  by comparison with the 1920s. Remember this for
  exam questions that ask about both
• There were three huge failures for the League in
  the 1930s
• The Japanese invasion of Manchuria
• The failure of the disarmament conference
• The invasion of Abyssinia by Italy

106
Failure 1 Manchuria

• There was an explosion on the Manchurian railway
  that ran though China. The Japanese depended on
  this railway to transport goods into their
  country, whose natural resources and agriculture
  were limited by their mountainous terrain.
• The Japanese invaded China on the grounds that it
  needed to safeguard its railway. However, they
  later also bombed Shanghai

• China appealed to the League for help and the
  League ruled that the Japanese should return
  Manchuria to Chinese rule.
• But Japan continued to invade new areas of China
• The League discussed sanctions but its member
  were not prepared to send troops to enforce its
  decision

107
Why did it fail?

• Japan was too far away
• The League were worried about offending Japan
  who was an important member of the League
• Britain and France were more concerned about the
  problems resulting from the depression in their
  own countries
• Russia, the only country with troops and
  resources enough to combat the problem quickly in
  the region, was not a member of the League

108
Failure 2 The Disarmament conference 1932-3

• In February 1932 the League of Nations began the
  long-awaited disarmament conference.
• It produced resolutions to limit the size of
  artillery and tanks, ban the bombing of civilians
  and chemical warfare. HOWEVER, nothing was agreed
  upon as to how they would enforce these limits.
• They were also unsure as to what to do about
  Germany- should all countries disarm to her level
  or should Germany be allowed to re-arm to the new
  universal lower level as the TOV had been too
  harsh?

109
Key events at the Disarmament Conference

• July 1932 Germany walked out after the other
  countries failed to agree to all countries
  disarming to its level
• December 1932 An agreement was finally reached to
  treat the Germans equally
• January 1933 Germany announced that it was
  coming back
• February 1933 Hitler started to re-arm Germany
  anyway in secret
• October 1933 Hitler walked out of the Conference
  permanently and soon after withdrew
  Germany from the League of Nations

110
Failure 3 Mussolinis invasion of
Abyssinia 1935

• The pale grey areas were Italian territory in
  eastern Africa.
• You can see why Italy, who wanted to expand her
  empire, would choose this area of land.
• Italy also wanted revenge after an embarassing
  failed attempt to take Abyssinia in 1896

111
The background

• Like Japan, Italy was an important member of the
  League
• Like Japan, Italy wanted to expand its empire
• Unlike Japan, Italy was right on the Leagues
  doorstep
• Unlike Japan, Abyssinia had borders with British
  colonies
• UNLIKE Japan, the League could not claim the
  problem was too far away to deal with.
• This would be a very real test for the League

112
The events

• 1934 There was a dispute between Italian and
  Ethiopian soldiers at an oasis 8oKM inside
  Abyssinia.
• Mussolini began preparing an army for an invasion

• Mussolini claimed this was Italian territory
• The Abyssinian emperor appealed to the League for
  help

113
So what did the League do?

• Very little
• The League was anxious to keep Italy on side.
  Italy was their best ally against Hitler.
• Britain and France signed an agreement with
  Mussolini about standing united against Germany
  and the problem in Abyssinia was not even
  discussed
• There was much talking and negotiating but
  nothing was actually done to discourage Mussolini
• Eventually a committee reported to the League
  that neither side was responsible for the
  conflict at the oasis. The League put forward a
  plan that would give Italy some of Abyssinia. But
  Mussolini rejected it.

114
The situation worsens

• October 1935 A full-scale Italian invasion of
  Abyssinia commenced
• It was a clear sign of aggression and the
  Leagues covenant (set of guidelines) made it
  clear that sanctions should be imposed.
• It banned sales of arms, rubber, metals and loans
  to Italy.
• However, these sanctions caused economic problems
  e.g. British coal-workers lost jobs because of
  ban of exports to Italy
• And Britain and France were making secret plans
  behind the Leagues back, offering Mussolini more
  of Abyssinia in return for stopping his invasion
• Eventually, Hitlers invasion of the Rhineland
  made many countries unwilling to upset Italy any
  further, as their support against Hitler seemed
  crucial.
• The League watched helplessly. Mussolini annexed
  the whole country. The League had failed.

115
What were the reasons for the League of Nations
failures during the 1930s?
You need to know how each of these cotrbuted
towards the Leagues failures
Self-interest Absence of important countries Lack of Troops
TOV it was meant to protect was unfair Decisions were slow Sanctions were ineffective
We have our own problems!
116
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of
Saint-Germain (Sept. 1919)

• Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were just as
  multi-national as the Austro-Hungarian Empire
  they replaced
• Czechoslovakia
• Czechs
• Slovaks
• Yugoslavia
• Serbs
• Montenegrins
• Croats
• Slovenes
• Bozniaks
• This caused future unrest
• in the area

117
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of
Saint-Germain (Sept. 1919)

• Broke up Austria-Hungary
• Had to pay war reparations went bankrupt before
  they could be set
• Couldnt enter into unions without consent of the
  League of Nations
• Austrian army limited to 30,000 volunteers
• Reduced their territory
• Also dealt with railroad rights and navigation
  rights over the Danube River
• Result - The vast reduction of territory,
  population, and resources of the new Austria
  severely affected its economy and made them
  resentful

118
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Trianon
(Nov. 1920)

• Hungary lost 2/3 of its territory and 3.3 million
  people
• When the Romanian Army infringed upon the
  cease-fire line, the Allied powers asked Hungary
  to acknowledge the new Romanian territorial gains
• Unable to reject the terms, but unable to accept
  the treaty, the democratic government resigned.
  It was replaced by a Communist government
• The Romanian army attacked and won
• The Allied powers restored the Hungarian state
• Army reduced to 35,000 no conscription
• Was to recognize the rights of minorities in her
  borders
• Amount of reparations was never set

119
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Trianon
(Nov. 1920)

• Results - Caused economic problems and ethnic
  unrest. They sided with Germany in WWII

120
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres
(Aug. 1920)

• Ottoman Empire renamed Turkey
• Territory shrunk
• Created the Kingdom of Hejaz (later Saudi Arabia)
• Created Armenia
• Greece and Italy got territorial gains
• Mandates were given to
• Britain
• Iraq
• Palestine
• France
• Lebanon
• Syria

121
Political Effects After WWI British Mandate of
Palestine

• The United Kingdom was granted control of
  Palestine by the Versailles Peace Conference
• During World War I the British had made two
  promises regarding territory in the Middle East
• Britain had promised the local Arabs, through
  Lawrence of Arabia, independence for a united
  Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle
  East, in exchange for their supporting the
  British
• Britain had promised to create and foster a
  Jewish national home as laid out in the Balfour
  Declaration, 1917

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Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres
(Aug. 1920)

• Allies controlled the Empires finances
• Everyone was to be granted free transit through
  the Empire
• Goods in transit were to be free of customs
  duties
• Property of citizens from Germany, Austria,
  Hungary, and Bulgaria was to be liquidated
• Army reduced to 50,000, reduced navy, reduced air
  force
• Were supposed to give up the people responsible
  for committing massacres during the war to an
  Allied Tribunal, but this was never executed
• The Dardanelle Straits were to be open in both
  peace and war

124
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Sevres
(Aug. 1920)

• Results
• Created areas under Western control that were
  nationalistic and sought their autonomy
• Fostered resentment of the occupying Western
  forces
• Some Middle Eastern countries, like Iran, would
  create a good relationship with Germany
• Didnt resolve the issue over a Jewish homeland

125
Political Effects After WWI Treaty of Neuilly
(Nov. 1919)

• Bulgaria established borders over contested
  territories
• Reduce army to 20,000
• Pay reparations of over 400 million
• Results Resentment over the loss of lands led
  them to occupy them with the Nazis during WWII

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Political Effects After WWI - New Governments

• Monarchies were replaced in Russia, Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
• Socialistic ideas experienced a boom
• Revolution was in the air as people began to
  express their desires for a better way of life
• Britain, France, and Germany all experienced a
  rise in socialism to deal with
• Better working conditions
• 8-hour work day
• Collective bargaining
• Wages
• Housing

128
Political Effects After WWI The U.S. Returns
To Isolationism

• America's return to isolationist politics after
  the war caused them to reject Wilson's plan to
  join his new international peace-keeping
  community
• America's abstention destroyed any real hopes for
  international cooperation to keep the peace,
  since France and England were not strong enough
  to do it alone because they were in so much debt

129
Political Effects After WWI Fear of German
Resentment

• Locarno Treaty
• Signed in October 1925
• The Germans renounced any desire to change their
  western frontier with France and accepted the
  loss of Alsace-Lorraine
• Britain and Italy guaranteed the western
  frontiers of France and the continued
  demilitarization of the Rhineland against a
  flagrant breach but what did that mean?

130
Political Effects After WWI Fear of German
Resentment

• Locarno Spring
• Had eased tensions between France and Germany,
  but France was still suspicious of Germany
• From 1925-1929, relations were better between the
  two countries
• France had an alliance with Poland and
  Czechoslovakia, but these two countries couldnt
  be counted on for French security
• Britain wouldnt aid France if they attacked
  Germany

131
Political Effects After WWI Kellogg-Briand Pact

• Created by the U.S. Secretary of State and French
  Foreign Minister
• Agreement signed in 1928 that renounced war as a
  way to resolve disputes
• A total of 62 nations signed the treaty,
  including the U.S., Italy, Germany, France, Great
  Britain, Russia, and Japan

132
Political Effects After WWI - Stab In the Back
Hitlers Rise

• The First World War created the Dictator that the
  world would bitterly come to know
• He himself admitted this in 1941, saying "When I
  returned from the War, I brought back home with
  me my experiences at the front out of them I
  built my National Socialist community"

There is Hitler in the crowd. Beginning of his
rise and plans for Germany.
133
Political Effects After WWI - Stab In the Back
Hitlers Rise

• The German and Austrian populaces, with their
  censored presses, had been kept in the dark about
  the recent military defeats of their armies, so
  that the surrender came as a complete, nasty
  surprise
• As Germany itself had not been militarily
  conquered, its citizens expected a mild,
  negotiated settlement, and were stunned by the
  harsh peace treaty that their new leaders
  eventually agreed to
• In the years after the war, conspiracy theories
  grew up in which Germany had been defeated not on
  the battlefield, but by treacherous politicians
  at home. Adolf Hitler would later use these
  theories to great effect in rallying opposition
  to German democrats, socialists and communists

134
Political Effects After WWI Stab in the Back
Hitlers Rise

• Adolf Hitler, a veteran of the War's worst
  firestorms, desperately sought a reason for
  defeat
• Imbued with a burning hatred of Jews, Bolsheviks
  and even Democrats, the solution was simple - the
  country had been stabbed in the back by the
  November Criminals, or in Hitler's words "a gang
  of despicable and depraved criminals!"