Unit 9: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad

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Unit 9 Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad

• The American Pageant Chs. 28-31
• The Americans Chs. 17-19

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U.S. AcquisitionsSome might say Imperialism???

• 1857 Howard, Baker, and Jarvis Islands
• 1867 Alaska territory from Russia
• 1868 Midway
• 1898 Hawaii, Philippine, Puerto Rico, and Guam
  Spanish-American War
• 1903 Canal Zone
• 1917 US Virgin Islands

3
War in Philippines

• Following Span-Am War Filipinos fight for
  independence under command of Emilio Aguinaldo
• Warfare turns nasty, Guerilla fighting ensues
• Americans use brutal tactics
• Eventually U.S. gains control William Taft
  becomes head of new Filipino Govt.
• Eventually, Philippines gain independence
  7/4/1946
• After allegiance during WWII

4
Open Door in China

• After defeat by Japan Euro. Powers Russia and
  Germany acquire ZONES of INFLUENCE
• Americans worry that missions and economic
  interests in danger
• Sec. of State John Hay Open Door Note
• Urges powers to publish in their endeavors that
  they would respect Chinese rights and fair
  competition.
• Most Euro powers accept in some form Open Door,
  but Chinese resent being used as a Doormat

5
Boxer Rebellion

• Chinese Patriots form to kick Euro powers out
• Resort to violence over 200 whites including
  missionaries murdered
• Multinational force rescue many more whites and
  quells the rebellion
• Fearing the partition of China Hay calls for that
  the Open Door have territorial and commercial
  integrity

6
McKinleys Assassination

• Sept. 1901 murdered by a deranged anarchist
• Teddy Roosevelt becomes president at 42
• T.R. knowing he had a rep. for impulsiveness and
  radicalism proclaimed he carry out the policies
  of his predecessor.
• Most critics did not believe

7
T.R.

• Top 5 most successful Presidents
• Bullish Leader
• Energetic
• Aggressive
• Media Savvy
• Reform Conscious
• Foreign Policy Maverick

8
Panama Canal

• Span-Am War proved a shortcut from Atlantic to
  Pacific needed
• Panama became less costly location
• Failed Columbia and U.S. negotiations on a
  6mile wide zone
• Panama independence with the help of American
  Navy led to the building of the canal.
• Colombia very upset but not in any position to do
  anything.
• Finally completed in 1914 after many setbacks.

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Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• Roosevelt to prevent European powers from
  regaining influence in Latin America
• U.S. would lend , and pay-off debts when and
  become the leader of the Western Hemisphere
• T.R. not respected for his bullish nature, but he
  did not care

10
Big Stick

• Chinese proverb speak softly but carry a big
  stick
• Foreign policy strategy by T.R.
• The STICK was the U.S. Navy
• In 1904-1906 T.R. helps negotiate a peace accord
  between Russia and Japan and helps hold
  International Conference in Spain wins Nobel
  Peace Prize

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Progressive Reform Movement

• Born from the Greenback Labor Party and Populism
• Industrial, Social, Economic, and Political reform

12
The Muckrakers

• Journalists and Publishers that made it their
  responsibility to uncover all of AMERICAS dirt.
• Public loved to read the sordid details and many
  occasions led to reform
• Examples of Muck
• Child Labor
• City Corruption
• Food and Drug Industry

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Republican Progressives

• 2 main goals
• 1- use state power to curb the trusts and
• 2- to stem the socialist threat by improving the
  conditions of Life and Labor
• Progressive movement becomes more of a majority
  mood than a minority movement
• Middle class becomes focus of movement

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Political Reform

• Direct Primary Elections to cut power of the
  interest groups and to undercut power-hungry
  political bosses
• Initiative- voter proposed legislation
• Referendum- legislation proposed by lawmakers
  decided by voters
• Recall- enable voters remove faithless elected
  officials
• 17th Amendment ratified in 1913 direct election
  of Senators

15
Reforms in the City

• Attacked the SLUMLORDS
• Juvenile Delinquency
• Prostitution and the bribery of police forces
• Utility reform

16
T.R. and his Square Deal

• Feared the public interest was being submerged in
  the drifting seas of indifference
• Square Deal for Capital, Labor, and the Public at
  Large
• Anthracite Coal Mine Winter of 1902

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Trust Busting

• Because of Coal Mine Strike has congress create
  Dept. of Commerce and Labor
• T.R.s attack on the monopolies and trusts that
  were crippling the U.S. economy and worker. Ones
  that helped society he did not go after.
• I.C.C. was finally given teeth to fight
• Breaks up over 40 trusts and monopolies
• Wanted to prove to public Govt, not business,
  ran the country

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Protecting the Consumer

• Read pages 675-680
• The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed the
  appalling conditions of Meat Packing Industry
• Public Hysteria ensued and T.R. invited Sinclair
  to white house
• Roosevelt calls for immediate investigation

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Consumer Reform

• Meat Inspection Act of 1906 corral to can
• Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• Designed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling
  of foods and pharmaceuticals

20
Environmental Reform

• By the End of 19th Century greed and industry
  severely impact natural resources
• WASHINGTON passes series of land reforms to
  protect NAT. RES.
• Teddy Roosevelt champion for reform has Congress
  pass Newlands Reform Act of 1902
• Created Fed. Management of lands to promote
  multi-use resource management.
• Recreation
• Sustained-yield logging
• Watershed protection
• Summer stock grazing

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End of an Era

• T.R. wins in 1904 and announces soon after he
  will not run for a 3rd term
• Effects his second term adversely
• The power of the King Wanes when people know he
  will be dead in 4 years
• Stock market panic in 1907 leads to small
  recession and banking reform
• Aldrich-Vreeland Act allows Nat. Bank to issue
  emergency currency
• Which leads to the Fed. Reserve Act of 1913

22
William H. Taft

• Hand picked by T.R to be his successor
• Mild progressive could be described as gentle
  giant. Was 350 lbs.
• Week politician who followed a political bully

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Dollar Diplomacy

• Use of American Business to boost American
  political interests abroad
• Encouraged Wall Street to spend surplus in
  foreign markets
• Especially in Far East and Central America

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Taft the Trustbuster

• In 4 years brought 90 suits compared to 44 for
  T.R. in 7.5 years
• Biggest win was Supreme Court Decision against
  Standard Oil
• Alienated T.R. when brought suit against U.S.
  Steel

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Taft Splits Republican Party

• Roosevelt unhappy with week reforms of Taft and
  other personal reasons runs for Presidency and
  Republican Nomination in 1912.

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Election of 1912

• Third Party Election
• Taft- Republican Candidate
• Roosevelt- Bull Moose Party (Reform Party)
• AND THE WINNER!
• Woodrow Wilson Democratic Candidate
• Reform Democrat
• Former Professor
• Wants to assault the TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVELEDGE
  tariff, banks, and trusts

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Wilson in Office

• 6 Accomplishments
• 1st President to give in person State of The
  Union Address
• Underwood Tariff Bill which reduced tariffs
• 16th Amendment (Graduated Income Tax)
• Federal Reserve Act and Banking system
• Fed. Trade Act 1914 the watch dog of business
  practices and Clayton Anti-trust Act
• Fed. Farm Act of 1916

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• Take 15 minutes to read starting with Moralistic
  Diplomacy in Mexico pg. 694-698

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Wilson and WWI

• Causes of World War I
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Alliance System
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria shot by
  Serbian nationalist

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Americans Question Neutrality

• Divided Loyalties
• Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people
  against U.S. in war
• Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on
  country of birth
• Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
  democracy, legal system
• U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies than
  with Central Powers

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The War Hits Home

• The British Blockade
• British blockade, mine North Sea, stop war
  supplies reaching Germany
• - also stop food, fertilizer
• U. S. merchant ships seldom reach Germany
• Germany has difficulty importing food,
  fertilizer by 1917, famine

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Hits home continued

• German U-Boat Response
• Germany sets up U-boat counterblockade of
  Britain
• U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania 128
  Americans among the dead
• - U.S. public opinion turns against Germany
• President Wilson protests, but Germany
  continues to sink ships
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food
  blockade
• - otherwise will renew unrestricted submarine
  war
• The 1916 Election
• Democrat Wilson defeats Republican Charles
  Evans Hughes

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The United States Declares War

• German Provocation
• Wilson tries to mediate, calls for a peace
  between equals
• Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in
  British waters
• Zimmerman noteproposes alliance of Germany,
  Mexico against U.S.
• Four unarmed American merchant ships sunk
• Russian monarchy replaced with representative
  government
• - war of democracies against monarchies
• America Acts
• Wilson calls for war to make world safe for
  democracy

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America Mobilizes

• Selective Service Act
• Mass Production
• Convoy system
• Fighting in Europe
• After 2 1/2 years fighting, Allied forces are
  exhausted, demoralized
• American troops bring numbers, freshness,
  enthusiasm

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Famous Americans at War

• Gen. John Pershing
• Eddie Rickenbacker
• Alvin York
• Herbert Hoover
• George Creel
• French premier Georges Clemenceau
• British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
• Henry Cabot Lodge

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Problems of War

• New weapons and tactics lead to horrific
  injuries, hazards
• Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water,
  poison gas, dead bodies
• Constant bombardment, battle fatigue produce
  shell shock
• Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot,
  trench mouth

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The War at Home

• War Industries Board
• War Economy
• Food Administration
• War Financing
• U.S. spends 35.5 billion on war effort
• 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3 borrowed through sale
  of war bonds
• Committee on Public Information
• Propaganda

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Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase

• Espionage and Sedition Actsperson can be fined,
  imprisoned for
• - interfering with war effort, speaking against
  government
• Violate 1st amendment prosecute loosely
  defined antiwar activities
• - target socialists, labor leaders

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The Flu Epidemic

• International flu epidemic of 1918 has
  devastating effect on economy
• As many as 30 million people die worldwide

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Wilson Presents His Plan

• Fourteen Points
• Wilsons plan for world peace known as Fourteen
  Points
• Points 15 propose measures to prevent another
  war
• 613 address how ethnic groups can form own
  nations or join others
• 14 calls for international organization or League
  of Nations
• League to enable nations to discuss, settle
  problems without war
• Wilson gives up most of his points in return for
  League of Nations

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Provisions of the Treaty

• Treaty of Versailles creates 9 new nations,
  British, French mandates
• Places various conditions on Germany
• - cannot have an army
• - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
• - pay reparations, or war damages

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The Treatys Weaknesses

• War-guilt clauseGermany must accept sole
  responsibility for war
• Germany cannot pay 33 billion in reparations
  that Allies want
• Russia loses more land than Germany
  territorial claims ignored
• Colonized peoples claims for
  self-determination ignored

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Opposition to the Treaty

• Strong opposition to treaty in U.S.
• Some, like Hoover, think treaty too harsh, fear
  economic effects
• Some feel treaty exchanged one group of colonial
  rulers for another
• Some ethnic groups not satisfied with new
  national borders

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Wilson Refuses to Compromise

• Wilson ignores Republicans in Senate when
  choosing U. S. delegation
• Goes on speaking tour to convince nation to
  support League
• - has stroke, is temporarily disabled
• November 1919, Lodge introduces amendments to
  treaty
• - amendments, treaty rejected
• Wilson refuses to compromise
• March 1920, 2nd vote neither amendments nor
  treaty approved
• U.S., Germany sign separate treaty U.S. never
  joins League

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The Legacy of the War

• In U.S., war strengthens military, increases
  power of government
• Accelerates social change for African Americans,
  women
• Fears, antagonisms provoked by propaganda remain
• In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage
  social, political systems
• - Communist, fascist governments form
• Treaty of Versailles does not settle conflicts in
  Europe

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Women Gain Suffrage

• 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to
  vote
• Result of work by Susan B. Anthony and other
  women reformers

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• WWI effectively ends progressive movement.
• Work of Progressive movement successful in
  addressing problems of society and the middle
  class.
• Next on the Horizon the ROARING 20s.