Practice Exam 2

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Practice Exam 2
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1. Which of the following, if any, accurately
describe what is meant by dual dipole tag? ? A. A
tag that is configured to have two chips, giving
it more processing power ? B. A type of tags
antenna that is designed to reflect energy on
multiple planes ? C. A tag that has overlapping
layers of copper coils ? D. A tag that works on
dual frequencies
Dual dipole tags were originally made with
the orientation of the dipoles set 90 degrees
apart. Today, however, multiple variations of
this type of tag are available, with the
dipoles arranged in many different patterns. They
ensure tag reads regardless of orientation. Most
of them are designed so that they even read
on edge or turned so they are perpendicular to
the antenna. This is critical for retail
applications where many boxes are being read, and
orientation cannot be assured. Answer A is not
correct because the question refers to the
antenna on the substrate, not the chip. Answer C
is incorrect because dual dipole does not refer
to induction coils. Answer D is also incorrect
because tags cannot work on dual frequencies,
and they are not referred to as dual dipoles.
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2. Which of the following, if any, are parts of
the etching process? ? A. A mask ? B. Various
chemical solutions ? C. Protection from
oxidation ? D. All of the above
Various methods and materials are used for
antenna construction. The principle methods are ?
Etching (using copper, aluminum, or silver) ?
Foil stamping ? Screen printing
Etching The etching process works as follows 1.
A mask is used to burn an image into the
photopolymer layer. 2. The substrate, metal film,
and photo resist are subjected to a
chemical solution that removes all of the metal
except where the image was burned. 3. A different
chemical solution is used to remove the burned
photo resist. 4. The finished antenna goes
through additional processes to protect the metal
surface from oxidation.
In the copper etching process, a mask is used
to burn an image into the photopolymer layer.
The substrate, or copper film, and photo resist
are subjected to a chemical solution,
which removes all of the copper except where the
image was burned. A different chemical solution
is used to remove the burned photo resist. Then
the finished copper antenna goes through
additional processes to protect the copper
surface from oxidation.
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3. What is dwell time? ? A. The time a tag is in
the interrogation zone ? B. The time it takes one
tag to go from the pallet to the warehouse
floor ? C. The rating system used to track build
processes ? D. None of the above
Dwell time refers to the momentary time
interval during which a detector is able to, or
allowed to, sense incoming electromagnetic radiati
on within its intended instantaneous field of
view or how long the tag stays in the
interrogation zone. Ensuring that the antennas
are oriented properly to maximize the
interrogation field is very important because, if
the tags are in the interrogation zone for too
short of a period, they may not collect enough
energy to power up fully and report to the
reader. Answer B is not correct because the dwell
time is not the time of palletizing and
inventory. Answer C is not correct because dwell
time has no bearing on a rating system. Answer D
is incorrect by default.
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4. When referring to RFID antennas, what does the
acronym ERP mean? ? A. Enterprise Resource
Planning ? B. Effective rate of protection ? C.
Effective radiated power ? D. Unit of power
input ? E. All of the above
Effective radiated power (ERP) is the power
supplied to an antenna multiplied by the antenna
gain in a given direction or as the product of
the power supplied to the antenna and its
gain relative to a half-wave dipole in a given
direction. Answer A is not a term used when
referring to RFID antennas however,
Enterprise Resource Planning is a valid term in
the business arena. Answer B is not correct
because it is a fictitious term. ERP is not a
unit of power input but a power radiated out of
the antenna therefore, answer D is incorrect.
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5. When implementing an RFID system in Australia,
what ITU region are you in? ? A. Region 1 ? B.
Region 2 ? C. Region 3 ? D. Regions 1 and 2
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Regions are ? Region 1Includes Europe, Africa,
the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf and
including Iraq, and the former Soviet Union. ?
Region 2Includes the Americas. ? Region
3Contains Asia (excluding the former Soviet
Union), including Iran, Australia, and Oceania.
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6. What memory bank is used for User memory in
EPC Class 1 Generation 2 tags? ? A. Bank 0 ? B.
Bank 3 ? C. Bank A ? D. Bank B
? Bank 0Reserved MemoryReserved memory holds
the tags passwords and can be read locked. ?A
32-bit Kill password allows a tag to be
permanently silenced. The default Kill password
value is zero. The Kill command executes only
if the password has been set that is, it is
something other than zero. ?A 32-bit Access
password allows the tag to transition to the
Secured state (a tag in the Secured state can
execute all Access commands, including writing to
locked blocks). ? Bank 1EPC MemoryEPC memory
contains 32 bits for different protocol controls
and a 96-bit EPC (Electronic Product Code) of
the object the tag is attached to. ? Bank 2Tag
Identification Memory (TID Memory) TID
memory contains an 8-bit ISO allocation class
identifier, a 12-bit tag maskdesigner ID, and a
12-bit tag model number. Manufacturers can
include other information, if requiredfor
example, a tag serial number. ? Bank 3User
MemoryUser memory is an optional area of
memory (usually 32-bits but can be larger) that
contains user-specific data. The memory
organization is user defined.
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7. Which of the following is/are characteristics
of an active tag? ? A. An active tag is powered
by a battery to send and receive RFID
information. ? B. An active tag can be applied to
any surface and has the ability to
transport itself from one location to the next. ?
C. An active tag can be interrogated within a few
inches of the interrogator, and it is powered by
the interrogator. ? D. An active tag does not
have its own transmitter in comparison to
a passive tag.
Active tags have an internal battery to
power them and are usually able to be rewritten
and/or modified. Active tags can transmit their
data over longer distances the tag itself is
larger than a passive tag and has a limited
operational life span. Answer B is incorrect
because active tags cannot magically transport
themselves they are carried on a product. Answer
C is incorrect because active tags are not
generally powered by interrogator they have
their own power source. Active tags have their
own transmitter therefore, answer D is also
incorrect.
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8. What are some of the uses for a Low Frequency
RFID tag? ? A. Pet tracking ? B. Smart shelves ?
C. Paper plates ? D. Access control systems
Low Frequency RFID tags are commonly used for
animal identification. Pets, cattle, or
endangered species can be implanted with small
chips so that they may be returned to their
owners if lost or stolen or for scientific
purposes. Low Frequency systems are best for
tracking and identification of dense objects in
small ranges because they provide good
penetration. Therefore, answer C is incorrect
because paper plates are not a barrier to RF and
are not usually tracked with LF systems. Answer B
is incorrect because LF systems are not usually
used in smart shelves.
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9. What does the term inductive coupling mean? ?
A. A method of connecting different devices
together ? B. A way of fusing data to the
back-end application ? C. The process of fixating
the fixtures of the antenna so they do not move ?
D. A method of transmitting data between tags and
readers
Inductive coupling is the method of
transmitting data between passive tags and
readers in which the antenna from the reader
picks up changes in the tags antenna. Answers A
and B are not correct because the term refers to
data transmission, not connection of devices or
data subject to back-end systems. Answer C is not
correct because the term does not refer to
attachment of hardware.
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10. What is the EPC network? ? A. It is a network
like the Internet, also storing and retrieving
information on EPC products. ? B. It is a network
protocol that allows only the environmental
specialist access to data on the Internet. ? C.
It is a computer storage location that holds
information on all electronic codes. ? D. None of
the above.
The EPCglobal network is composed of three key
elements ? EPC Information Services (EPC-IS) ?
EPC Discovery Services ? Object Name Service (ONS)
The EPC network is architecture similar to
the Internet it is designed to link, store, and
allow access to data related to EPCs. For
example, it provides detailed item information
such as description, ingredients, size, weight,
and cost manufacturing information about the
specific lot, such as when and where it was
produced and expiration dates and distribution
information about where it has been, including
addresses, dates, and times. The data can be
as detailed as including environmental factors
such as temperatures during manufacturing or
storage. Answer B is not correct because
the question refers to RFID terms. Answer C is
not correct because the EPC network contains only
data related to the EPC global system. Therefore,
answer D is incorrect as well.
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11. In a conveyor system, why is it important to
test the tunnel interrogator radiated field? ?
A. Metal areas are not an issue in testing. ? B.
There is no special need to test on a standard
conveyor system. ? C. Typical conveyor systems
are made of metal, and the radiated signal can
be configured in a way that the interrogator
reads tags from another belt system nearby,
resulting in failed or error reads. ? D. You need
to ensure that the tags are read as far as
possible from the tunnel to increase efficiency.
Most conventional conveyor roller sections
are made of metal, and the metal structure acts
as a boundary condition to the radiated flux
field. Thus, consideration must be given to
prevent the absorption and distortion of the
magnetic and radio field energy. Answer A is not
correct because metal areas are of high concern
in an RFID solution. Answer B is incorrect
because testing is extremely important to any
system. If you increase the power input into
the antennas in the RFID tunnel, the
interrogation field may expand beyond the tunnel,
and that could cause false or undesirable
reads therefore, answer D is incorrect.
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12. What does the term inlay refer to? ? A. An
RFID microchip attached to an antenna and mounted
on a substrate ? B. The process that fuses a chip
to a container ? C. The method of regenerating a
tag ? D. A chip mounted on a strap
An inlay is an RFID microchip attached to
an antenna and mounted on a substrate. Inlays are
essentially unfinished RFID labels. They are
usually sold to label converters who turn
them into smart labels. Answers B and C are not
correct because an inlay is not defined as the
ability to connect a tag to a container, nor is
it a method of writing data to a tag. Inlay does
not refer to a chip on a strap therefore, answer
D is also incorrect.
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13. What is a circular polarized antenna? ? A. An
antenna that can receive signals from both
vertical and horizontal planes ? B. A round
antenna ? C. A disc-shaped antenna ? D. None of
the above
Polarization can be either circular or linear.
Linear polarization is relative to the surface of
the earth. Linear polarization can also be either
horizontal or vertical ? Horizontally polarized
signals propagate parallel to the earth. ?
Vertically polarized signals propagate
perpendicular to the earth. Antennas with
circular polarization can receive signals from
both the vertical and horizontal planes by
injecting the signal at two points on the
antenna radiated slightly out of phase creating a
rotating effect on the field. However, there is a
slight loss of signal strength, due to the
constructive and deconstructive effect of the
field being slightly out of phase.
Antennas with circular polarization can
receive signals from both the vertical and
horizontal planes however, there is a slight
loss of signal strength. Answers B and C are not
correct because the question refers to the planes
on which the antenna can read tags. Answer D is
incorrect by default.
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14. Which of the following, if any, are
characteristics of a tethered interrogator? ? A.
Have limited mobility ? B. Do not need a
self-contained power source ? C. Connect directly
into the IT infrastructure ? D. All of the
above ? E. None of the above
Tethered interrogators are tied directly into
the IT infrastructure, and they do not need their
own power because they are typically connected to
a power source through a power cable. They have
limited mobility due to their wired connections
to other devices and to their external power
source.
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15. Microwave (uW) tags operate at what
frequency? ? A. 860960 MHz ? B. 2.45 GHz ? C.
120140 KHz ? D. 13.56 MHz
The four primary frequency bands for RFID tags
are ? Low Frequency or LF (120140 KHz) ? High
Frequency or HF (13.56 MHz) ? Ultra High
Frequency or UHF (860960 MHz) ? Super High
Frequency/Microwave (2.45 GHz and above)
Microwave tags operate at 2.45 GHz. Answer A
is incorrect because Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
tags use the 860960 MHz band. Answer C is
incorrect because Low Frequency (LF) tags operate
in the 120140 KHz band. Answer D is incorrect
because High Frequency (HF) tags operate at 13.56
MHz.
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16. What is a hybrid interrogator? ? A. A reader
that has been altered with firmware to function
as an FM radio ? B. A reader that has multiple
read modes, such as the ability to read bar codes
as well as RFID tags ? C. An interrogator that
also can function under water ? D. All of the
above
Depending on their type, interrogators can
have various capabilities such as reading bar
codes or other Automatic Data Collection (ADC)
capabilities. These are called hybrid
interrogators. Answer A is not correct because
RFID does not function as an FM radio. Answer C
is incorrect because interrogators that can
function under water are not called hybrid.
Consequently, answer D is incorrect as well.
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17. What indicates the efficiency of energy in an
RFID chip? ? A. Q factor ? B. E factor ? C. H
field ? D. E field
The Q factor indicates the ratio of the
energy stored in it to the energy lost during one
cycle of operation. Answer B is incorrect because
the E factor is not defined. Answer C is
incorrect because H field is a name for a
magnetic field that can be created around the
tag. Answer D is incorrect because the E field is
the electrical field caused by electric current.
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18. How would you protect your interrogator
against extreme temperatures? ? A. No special
protection is needed. Interrogators usually have
a built-in component that detects overheating of
the device and turns the device off. ? B. By
enclosing the interrogator in a NEMA box with
heating and/or a cooling device. ? C. By
installing a fan near the interrogator. ? D.
Interrogators are built to work in extreme
temperatures. It is only necessary to protect
interrogators from liquids.
As far as we know, interrogators do not yet have
a built-in detector from overheating. Therefore,
answer A is incorrect. Answer C is incorrect,
because although a fan could help, in
extremely warm or cold temperatures, this would
not be sufficient to prevent damage of the
interrogators circuitry. Answer D is also
incorrect. It is necessary to protect
interrogators from extreme temperatures as
well as liquids and other harsh environmental
conditions.
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19. What is a dwell time? ? A. The time that a
tag is in the radiated signal to allow for
operations such as write and read to occur ? B.
The time when the conveyor belt opens the trip
light ? C. The trigger device time used to start
an interrogation process ? D. Time between the
tag application and tag verification ? E. All of
the above
An RFID tag, once energized, requires a
certain amount of time to power up, and then it
can respond to the interrogator. It is important
that the RF energy that is energizing the
tag remain at a level sufficient to sustain the
tags functionality until it has successfully
retrieved data from or stored data to its memory.
Because the tag can be powered only when it is in
the beam of the RFID antenna(s), the tag must
remain in the beam long enough for the required
operations to occur. This is known as dwell
time. If the dwell time is too short, the tag
may power down prematurely, and the read or write
operation will not be completed. One way to
maximizethe tags dwell time or time in beam is
to position the antennas so that the sweet spot
is as large as is practical. Answers B and C are
not correct because the question refers to the
amount of time it takes for the tag to power up
and send data back to the interrogator while
the interrogator is emitting a signal, not the
hardware triggering devices. Answer D is
incorrect because dwell time refers to the time
in the interrogation signal, not time between
application and verification.
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20. What is the use of an RTLS? ? A. Rotational
Training and Limited Support is used to evaluate
systems with other electronic devices. ? B.
Reality Television Life Stories are based on
reporting of personal experiences on reality
television programs. ? C. RTLS is used to track
and locate tagged RFID items. ? D. RTLS is used
to measure ambient noise. ? E. None of the above.
Real-Time Location System (RTLS) uses
RFID technology to transmit the physical location
of RFID-tagged objects. An RTLS requires some
type of RFID tag to be attached to each object
that needs to be tracked and RF
transmitters/receivers located throughout the
facility to determine the location that sent that
location information back to a computerized
tracking system. Answer A is not correct because
the term RTLS means Real-Time Location
System, not Rotational Training and Limited
Support. Answer B is not correct because RFID at
this time has nothing to do with television or
programming. RTLS is not used to measure ambient
noise for this purpose, the RF spectrum analyzer
is used. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
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21. Consistent failed tag reads indicate that the
tag supplier is at fault. ? A. This statement is
true. ? B. This statement is false because
consistent failed tag reads can
indicate interrogator problems. ? C. This
statement is false because consistent failed tag
reads indicate a problem with the tag antenna. ?
D. This statement is true only for UHF tags.
Consistent failed tag reads should
immediately raise a red flag that the
interrogator is not functioning properly.
A replacement interrogator (possibly a handheld
unit) should be used to verify a second time if
the tags are functioning. Answer C is not
correct because, if the tags antenna was
damaged, this would cause only a few tags to be
invalid but not consistent failure with all tags.
Answers A and D are incorrect.
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22. How can you achieve full 14-digit Global
Trade Item Number (GTIN) from a data carrier of a
shorter digit length? ? A. Add zeros to the back
of the number to achieve 14 digits. ? B. Add
zeros in front of the number to achieve 14
digits. ? C. Add a code assigned by EPCglobal to
the front of the number. ? D. Add a code assigned
by EPCglobal to the back of the number.
To achieve full 14-digit GTIN from a data
carrier that uses less digits, for example
EAN.UCC-13, EAN.UCC-8 or UCC-12 (UPC), add zeros
to the front of the number. Therefore, answer A
is incorrect. EPCglobal does not provide a code
to add to the number to convert it to 14-digit
GTIN.
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23. For which of the following are RFID systems
used? ? A. Tracking assets ? B. Toll collection ?
C. Security purposes in entertainment parks ? D.
All of the above
RFID systems can be used for many
applications, including asset tracking, clothing
tags, missiles, pet tags, and food. RFID can be
used to track transportation variances such as
temperature, humidity, and expiration dates. RFID
tags can store simple information such as a pet
owners name and address, whether the pet has had
all of its shots, and if those shots are current,
to complex data such as instructions on how to
assemble a computer. Some manufacturers use RFID
systems to move objects through assembly lines.
At each successive stage of production, the RFID
tag tells the back-end system where it is in the
build process and what the next step of assembly
is. This information can then be presented to the
intended purchaser of the item through web page
applications or telephone response systems. RFID
can also be used for security purposes to
allocate persons in a facility or area, as well
as for toll collection.
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24. What is an RS-232 serial data port? ? A. An
Electronics Industries Association standard
asynchronous serial line, which is used commonly
for modems, computer terminals, and serial
printers. RS-232 uses a 25-pin or 9-pin
connector. ? B. A serial input/output standard
that allows for compatibility between data
communication equipment made by various
manufacturers. ? C. A method of sending data over
wires. It is often used to communicate between
interrogators and printers or computers, as well
as the backend systems. ? D. This is the de facto
standard for communication through PC serial
ports. It can refer to cables and ports that
support the RS-232 standard. ? E. All of the
above.
RS-232 is a standard that defines the
communication rules for serial ports and how they
communicate with readers and back-end systems.
Therefore, answers A, B, C, and D are incorrect.
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25. What is a mono-static antenna? ? A. An
antenna that has two distinct radiated signals in
one case. ? B. An antenna that can be coupled
with only one interrogator. ? C. A single antenna
that works as a transmitter as well as a
receiver. ? D. Mono-static antenna is another
name for single dipole antenna. ? E. All of the
above.
Depending on the design, the antennas can
be either mono-static or bi-static. Mono-static
antennas are based on a principle wherein a
single antenna works as a transmitter as well as
a receiver, and these functions are switched in
fractions of seconds. Answer A is not correct
because the question refers to the hardware, not
the signals that can be generated. Answer B is
not correct because the question refers to how
the system transmits, not how it connects to the
system. The term mono-static is not
interchangeable with single dipole therefore,
answers D and E are incorrect.
Bi-static antennas include two antennas, where
one antenna is dedicated to transmitting, and the
other antenna is dedicated to receiving.
Both dedicated antennas can be but do not have to
be in the same casing. In bi-static antenna, a
circulator is not required, which improves the
performance and sensitivity of the antenna.
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26. Which of the following is a part of an RFID
system? ? A. An antenna ? B. A transceiver ? C. A
processing device ? D. A tag ? E. All of the above
An RFID system consists of an antenna and
a transceiver, which read the radio frequency
signals and transfer the information to a
processing device and a transponder, or tag,
which is an integrated circuit containing the RF
circuitry and information to be transmitted.
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27. Which of the following are uses of microwave
RFID tags? ? A. Collecting electronic tolls ? B.
Tracking microwavable food ? C. Opening and
unlocking the microwave door ? D. None of the
above
Microwave RFID tags are typically used in
electronic toll collection. However, they are
becoming access control devices used for
long-range access control for vehicles as a part
of OnStar systems in many General Motors vehicles
sold today. Answers B and C are not correct
because the question does not refer to
a microwave oven. Consequently, answer D is
incorrect as well.
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28. What is a bi-static antenna? ? A. An antenna
that has two distinct radiated signals. ? B. An
antenna device that allows one antenna to connect
to two interrogators. ? C. An antenna that
combines two antennas (sometimes within one
case) one for transmitting and the other for
receiving. ? D. Bi-static antenna is another name
for dual dipole antenna.
Depending on the design, the antennas can
be mono-static or bi-static. A bi-static antenna
combines two antennas that can sometimes be
within one case. One antenna is dedicated
to transmitting, and the other antenna is
dedicated to receiving. Answer A is not correct
because the question refers to the hardware, not
the signals that can be generated. Answer B is
not correct because the question refers to how
the system transmits, not how it connects to the
system. Although the bi-static antenna can be
dual dipole, the terms are not generally
interchangeable. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
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29. When referring to RFID technology, what does
the acronym EIRP mean? ? A. Enterprise
international resource planning ? B. Effective
isotropic radiated power ? C. Effective
independent rotational potential ? D. None of the
above
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is
the arithmetic product of the power supplied to
an antenna and its gain relative to an isotropic
source. EIRP Power input antenna gain in dBi.
Answers A and C are fictitious terms. Answer D is
incorrect by default.
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30. In a dense interrogator environment, the
presence of many interrogators transmitting
simultaneously at the same frequency can ? A. add
additional power to a tag so that it can
backscatter farther than with one interrogator
transmitting to it. ? B. potentially cancel each
other out by emanating large amounts of
background noise that will overpower all the
interrogators if not configured properly. ? C. be
solved by designing the interrogator placement
and their configurations. ? D. Overload the power
circuits.
Signals transmitted to a tag from
one interrogator can easily be stepped on by
another interrogator. In addition, the reply
signal from a tag can easily be stepped on as
well. Correct placement of the interrogators can
help avoid this type of interference from
occurring. Answer A is incorrect because it is
physically impossible to accumulate RF signals at
a tag prior to backscattering. Answer D is
incorrect because the circuit overload in the
dense interrogator environment is not the best
answer here.
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31. Define slap and ship. ? A. A minimal
compliance step ? B. An advanced stage of RFID
implementation ? C. A method of using RFID as an
inventory control system ? D. None of the above
Many companies are simply trying to comply with
mandates, and they begin doing so by using RFID
devices in distribution centers immediately
before shipping the products to the mandating
customer. RFID printers/encoders can be quickly
and relatively easily implemented, and as long as
there is a small volume of goods being shipped,
they are quite effective. This initial step of
minimal compliance has been called slap and ship.
Answers B and C are not correct because the
question refers to the compliance of a
mandate and a method of application using RFID
technology. Answer D is therefore incorrect as
well.
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32. What is ambient RF noise? ? A. Radio signals
that enhance the reception of the target RF
signal ? B. RF signals emitted by several devices
into the environment ? C. Another term for white
noise that allows the operator to concentrate on
the task ? D. An interchangeable term for
interrogation signal
Ambient noise is RF signals generated by
something other than the transmitter. It usually
sounds like a hissstatic or harsh. Radio
frequency interference (RFI) may be AM or FM, but
the effect is that it either alters the audio
signal or adds background noise to the audio
signal. Answer A is not correct because of the
term noise, which is not desirable in the RF
signal as it can cause read failures. Answer C is
not correct because the RF signal has nothing to
do with the operator and the concentration level
of the operator. Although the interrogation
signal can produce ambient noise, these terms are
not interchangeable. Therefore, answer D is
incorrect.
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33. My interrogator is reading the tag data, but
it is not being recognized by my application as
valid data for the products it is supposed to
be associated with. The tag manufacturer sent me
the wrong lot of tags. ? A. This statement is
true. ? B. This statement is false the problem
is in the interrogator. ? C. This statement is
false the problem is in the configuration of the
application. ? D. This statement is false the
situation indicates that the tags are all killed.
In a situation in which tags that have been
programmed and attached to products are not being
recognized in a database application, the
application that performs the filtering should
be checked to make sure it is configured for the
expected tag data format. In many situations, the
application has not been properly configured to
match the tag data format. Answers A, B, and D
are incorrect. Answer B is incorrect because the
interrogator was proven to be reading tags the
problem appeared in the application
software. Answer D is incorrect because the
interrogator was successfully reading tags if
the tags were killed, the interrogator would not
receive any response from the tags.
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34. A light stack is generally used to verify
that a reader is turned on. ? A. This statement
is true. ? B. This statement is false because a
light stack is used to indicate that the reader
is turned off. ? C. This statement is false
because the light stack is a feedback device
to indicate whether the tag functions. ? D. This
statement is false because light stacks are not
used in RFID systems.
The light stack is primarily used as an
indicator that the tag is functional and replying
to interrogation commands. Therefore, answers A,
B, and D are incorrect.
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35. The EPC number can be found in EPC Class 1,
Generation 2 memory bank number ? A. 0. ? B. 1. ?
C. 5. ? D. None.
There are four memory banks in EPC Class
1, Generation 2. These banks are numbered 0, 1,
2, and 3, and the EPC number is allocated in the
bank 1 called EPC memory. Therefore, answers A,
C, and D are incorrect.
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36. What is the capability of a read-write tag? ?
A. The ability to erase the tag data ? B. The
ability to read data from the tag as well as
write data to the tag ? C. The ability to kill
the tag (EPC tags) ? D. All of the above
The read-write characteristics of the tag give
the ability to read and write data to the tag
from any location, making the tag reusable, as
well as the ability to remove most data and the
ability to kill the tag when talking about EPC
tags.
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37. Which of the following are uses for UHF RFID
tags? ? A. Pallet tracking ? B. Container
tracking ? C. Tracking laptops ? D. Tracking
airplane parts
UHF RFID tags are commonly used commercially in
pallet and container tracking. These tags
operate between 860 MHz and 960 MHz. UHF tags are
able to send and receive data faster and at
greater distances than LF and HF tags.
In addition, these tags are limited due to the
fact that the radio waves at these high
frequencies do not perform well around water and
metal, so they are not usually used for tracking
laptops and airplane parts due to their high
metal content. Therefore, answers C and D are
incorrect.
39
38. The manufacturing process by which chips are
taken directly from a wafer and attached to an
antenna is known as ? A. Flip chipping ? B. High
rolling ? C. Fluidic Self-Assembly ? D. Strap
attachment
The chip is taken directly from a wafer by
robotic hand, flipped and, with adhesive and
pressure, attached directly to the antenna.
Answer B is incorrect because high rolling is
what everyone wishes to do when in Las Vegas.
Answer C is incorrect because Fluidic Self-Assembl
y is the process of placing chips on the strap or
antenna, where chips cut out of the wafer are
floating in a liquid, and due to their shape,
they fall into precut holes. When the chips are
taken directly from a wafer and attached to an
antenna, they do not use a strap attachment
therefore, answer D is incorrect.
40
39. What is a smart label? ? A. A smart label is
an applied label that adheres to a container
without the need for adhesion. ? B. A smart label
is a printed label that has all the shipping
information printed to the substrate. ? C. A
smart label is a type of tag that is a flat,
thin, flexible form using usually paper or very
thin plastic. It is used in RFID printers
and applicators. ? D. None of the above
Smart labels are labels that contain an RFID
tag. Smart labels have limited memory
capacitycurrently between 32256 bytesthat can
be read or written to multiple times by means of
an interrogator that connects to a PC. Answer A
is incorrect because a smart label is not a label
without a need for adhesion it is a special type
of label with an RFID tag embedded. Answer B is
also incorrect this type of label is a pure
shipping label, and if it does not contain an
RFID tag, this label cannot be called smart.
41
40. Which of the following are reasons why you
would use a bi-static antenna instead of
mono-static antenna? ? A. Bi-static antennas do
not use a circulator for switching
between receiving and transmitting functions,
therefore, they are more efficient. ? B.
Bi-static antennas are cheaper. ? C. Bi-static
antennas use a circulator for switching between
receiving and transmitting functions, therefore,
they are more efficient. ? D. Bi-static antennas
are used only with active RFID systems. For
passive systems, you would only use mono-static
antennas.
Since bi-static antennas do not use a
circulator for switching between receiving and
transmitting, they are more efficient. Answer B
is incorrect. The price of the antenna depends on
the design and manufacturer of the antenna and
not whether it is bi-static or mono-static.
Answer C is incorrect because bi-static antennas
do not use a circulator for switching between
receiving and transmitting functions. Answer D is
incorrect because active and passive RFID
systems use both kinds of antennas.
42
41. What is shadowing? ? A. One tag is in front
of another, causing the second tag to have a
depreciated signal or no signal at all. ? B. All
the tags that are not in the light of the tunnel
cannot be read until they are illuminated. ? C.
This term defines what happens when the tag
completely blocks the interrogation signal coming
from the interrogator. ? D. Shadowing occurs when
the tag is in the hole of antenna coverage.
Shadowing is a situation in which tags are
right behind each other and the RF signal
produced by the readers antenna is used by the
first tag to generate a response, while the
second tag gets minimal or no signal and has no
chance to respond to interrogation. The second
tag is in the shadow of the first tag. Answer B
is not correct because the light in the tunnel
does not perform a task of reading a tag. Answer
C is not correct because the tags are not capable
of blocking completely the interrogation signal.
When the tag is in the hole of antenna
coverage, this occurrence is not called
shadowing therefore, answer D is incorrect.
43
42. What is the definition of a read range? ? A.
The device that reads RFID tags ? B. The area of
the signal, such as the zone ? C. The maximum
distance that a reader can send or receive data
to or from an RFID tag ? D. None of the above
The read range is the maximum distance at which a
reader can send data to or receive data from an
RFID tag. Answers A and B are not correct because
the question refers to range or distance, not
devices such as an interrogator or a zone. Answer
D is incorrect by default.
44
43. What is diffraction? ? A. A deflected signal
that expands as it travels ? B. A trigger that is
tripped by a light diode ? C. Signaling that
allows for wave-like action to occur ? D. None of
the above ? E. All of the above
The process whereby RF signals or sound waves are
in certain circumstances deflected from their
normal straight-line path by physical objects is
called diffraction. Diffraction is the
apparent bending and spreading of waves when they
meet an obstruction. It can occur with any type
of wave including electromagnetic waves such
as radio waves. Answer B is not correct because
the question refers to the signal behavior, not
actual hardware interaction. Answer C is not
correct because signals already have wave-like
behavior, and the question refers to a signal
that encounters an obstacle. Answers D and E
are therefore incorrect as well.
45
44. What does antenna gain mean? ? A. The ability
to increase the height of the antenna ? B. The
relative increase in radiation at the maximum
point ? C. The ratio of the radiated signal
divided by the distance to the tag ? D. The
amount of power an antenna can receive ? E. All
of the above
Gain is the relative increase in radiated
signal, usually expressed in dB, transmitted by a
given antenna as compared to an isotropic or
dipole antenna. Antenna gain can be achieved
only by making an antenna directional, which
means better performance in one direction than in
others, thus improving attenuation. Answer A is
not correct because gain refers to the signal
strength, not the height of the antenna. Answer C
is a fictitious reply, which has no meaning
in RFID technology. Answer D is incorrect because
antenna gain is not the amount of power an
antenna can receive. The power input is
specified in the manufacturers manual and is
limited by the standards and regulations.
46
45. Which of the following are characteristics of
EPC Gen 2 systems compared to EPC Gen 1
systems? ? A. A more advanced Dense Reader Mode ?
B. Faster read rates ? C. Larger ASIC chips in
tags ? D. Using 16-bit lock password
Part of the EPC Gen 2 specifications are better
functionality in a dense reader environment and
faster read rates. The new ASIC chips used in EPC
Gen 2 tags are actually smaller then Gen 1 chips,
therefore, answer C is incorrect. Answer D
is incorrect because EPC Gen 2 tags use 32-bit
kill and 32-bit lock password.
47
46. EPC Class 1, Gen 2 describes the Air
Interface Protocol as well as the data standard
for communications between a Class 1, Gen
2 interrogator and the tag. ? A. This statement
is true. ? B. This statement is false the
protocol defines only the communication between
interrogator and back-end systems. ? C. This
statement is false the protocol covers just the
Air Interface. ? D. This statement is false the
protocol defines only EPC Class 0.
The protocol covers the Air Interface
Protocol and data standard therefore, answer C
is incorrect. The protocol, however, has nothing
to do with the physical interface between a
reader and other devices such as database
servers, and so on. Therefore, answer B is
incorrect. The Air Interface Protocol is defined
for every official EPC classclass 0 as well as
class 1. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
48
47. What is RS-422? ? A. The serial standard for
connecting a viewable television monitor to
a handheld device ? B. A Radio Shack connector
422 copper three-wire phone line ? C. A
differential pair of wires, as one signal is
transmitted across two separate wires in opposite
statesone inverted and one noninverted used
mainly to connect a printer to a workstation ? D.
None of the above
RS-422 is a port to allow systems to print tags,
if the tag printer uses this type of port. Answer
A is not correct you would not connect a
viewable monitor to a handheld device
because most have built-in LCD displays. Answer B
is incorrect because RS- 422 is a port used to
connect a printer. Answer D is incorrect
by default.
49
48. Which of the following are applications for
which High Frequency RFID tags are not usually
used? ? A. Pallet tracking ? B. Library books ?
C. Electronic Article Surveillance ? D. Smart
shelves ? E. All of the above
High Frequency RFID tags are not usually used for
pallet tracking but are used in library books and
bookstore tracking, building access control,
airline baggage tracking, and apparel
item tracking. They are used in smart shelves due
to their small size and small range. High
Frequency tags are widely used in
identification badges, replacing the magnetic
stripe cards that are similar to credit card
systems. These High Frequency RFID badges need to
be held within a certain distance of the reader
to authenticate the holder. Therefore, answers B,
C, D, and E are incorrect.
50
49. What is a tags write range? ? A. The device
that writes RFID tags with the correct data ? B.
The distance between a reader and an RFID tag
over which data-writing operations can be
reliably performed ? C. The space of the
substrate that allows for proper printing ? D.
None of the above
Write range is the maximum distance between
a reader and an RFID tag over which data-writing
operations can be reliably performed. Answers A
and C are not correct because the question refers
to distance, not the actual hardware of the
system or the components of a tag. Answer D is
incorrect by default.
51
50. Vehicle mounted interrogators ? A. are
typically mounted on forklifts or clamp trucks. ?
B. use the slotted Aloha protocol to communicate
with tags. ? C. can withstand submersion in
water. ? D. all of the above.
Answer B is incorrect because the Gen 2
protocol is not the same as the slotted Aloha
protocol. Answer C is incorrect for this
question, but it is possible that a manufacturer
can make such a claim. Answer D is incorrect by
default.
52
51. A new version of interrogator firmware should
always be downloaded into a reader when ? A. it
is commercially available to keep the
interrogator in tip-top shape. ? B. it seems that
the interrogator is not working properly. ? C. it
is released to fix problems discovered in a
previous version. ? D. it appears on the
manufacturers website.
Interrogators need not necessarily have their
firmware upgraded if the existing configuration
proves to provide the necessary functionality. It
is useful to upgrade the firmware if it
is released to fix problems in the previous
version, or if the interrogator is not working
properly and the problem may be caused by bugs
in the firmware. Answer A is not correct because
the firmware should not be upgraded just because
a new version is available, if the
system functions properly. When new firmware
appears on the manufacturers website, this is
not a sufficient reason to upgrade the firmware
right away. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
53
52. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is often used
to power up tags and provide the needed energy to
transmit back to an interrogator. ? A. This
statement is true. ? B. This statement is true
only with passive RFID systems. ? C. This
statement is false because ESD is harmful to tags.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is very harmful
to tags and can often destroy them. Therefore,
answers A, B, and D are incorrect.
54
53. What is multiplexing? ? A. Doing many tasks
at one time ? B. Applying various substrates
together ? C. Switching between multiple antennas
connected to one interrogator ? D. Combining two
or more information channels onto a common
transmission medium using hardware called a
multiplexer that is not used in RFID
In this method, a single interrogator is
connected through a switching box to multiple
antennas. The interrogator output is directed to
each antenna in turn, again ensuring that only
one antenna is transmitting at a time. Answer A
is not correct because multitasking is defined as
doing more than one task at a time. Answer B is
not correct because the question does not refer
to tags but rather to antennas and interrogators.
Multiplexing is a method of combining two or more
information channels onto a common
transmission medium using hardware called a
multiplexer, but it is used in RFID therefore,
answer D is incorrect.
55
54. What is the definition of an interrogation
signal? ? A. A radiated signal sent to a zone or
area intended to activate a reply from a tag ? B.
The area or zone that is built for tags to pass
through ? C. Often called the interrogation zone
or Faraday Cage ? D. All of the above
An interrogation signal is meant to be received
by a tag, and while passing over the tag, it
activates the tag, causing it to waken and reply
to the interrogator with the data stored. Answers
B and C are not correct because the question
refers to a signal, not a zone or a device.
Answer D is incorrect by default.
56
55. What acts as a protective shield for an
interrogator or an antenna? ? A. A padded
bollard ? B. Foam rubber tape ? C. Corrugated
cardboard ? D. All of the above
Answer B is incorrect because B can comprise
a bollard. Answer C is not correct because
cardboard (corrugated or otherwise) does not
afford enough cushioning. Answer D is
incorrect by default.
57
56. What is a linear polarized antenna? ? A. An
antenna that radiates a signal in a conical
shape ? B. An antenna that is designed to work in
a cold environment ? C. An antenna that is set to
a plane, either horizontal or vertical, and
the tags must be in the same plane ? D. An
antenna that radiates signals whose strength
linearly decreases with distance from the antenna
When using a linear polarized antenna, the
tag reader and antenna reader must be in
alignment to achieve the longest reading
distance. If that tag antenna is aligned
vertically and the reader is sending out signals
horizontally, only a small portion of the energy
emitted by the reader will hit the tag antenna.
Answer A is not correct because the question
refers to the planes (horizontal or
vertical), not the actual shape of the signal.
Answer B is not correct because the polarization
of the antenna defines the plane that it can read
from, not the temperature of the environment. The
radiated signal does not decrease in a linear
manner with distance because the loss is not
linear. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
58
57. What is the meaning of read-only? ? A. The
data on the tag can be only read and not written
by the interrogator. ? B. Read-only means that
the tag is readable only when in the Faraday
Cage. ? C. Read-only is defined as the ability to
read the tag many times but still allow rewriting
the tag at any time. ? D. Data on read-only tags
can be read and written only by the tag
manufacturer.
The tag is capable only of being read many
times, but not modified or rewritten. Answer B is
not correct because a working interrogator can
read any functional tag without the need for a
tunnel that works as Faraday Cage. Answer C is
not correct readonly means that the tag cannot
be written to again because the data
is prewritten by the manufacturer. Answer D is
incorrect because the read-only tag can be read
by an interrogator, not just by the manufacturer.
59
58. A ground loop is an unwanted current that
flows in a conductor connecting two points that
are normally at the same ground potential, but
are actually at different potential causing a
current flow from the point with lower potential
to the point with higher potential. ? A. This
statement is true. ? B. This statement is false
because a ground loop occurs when a building is
struck by lightning. ? C. This statement is false
because a ground loop is a connection
between interrogators and a way it is attached to
the ground. ? D. This statement is false because
a ground loop results from current flowing from
the point with higher potential to the point with
lower potential.
In reality, the two points are at what may
appear to be the same potential but in reality
are at different potentials. Current flow results
from the point of higher potential to the
lower potential point. Therefore, answers A, B,
and C are incorrect.
60
59. Air interface protocol defines ? A. the rules
of communications between the interrogator and
the tag ? B. the tag architecture and the memory
size available ? C. anti-collision algorithm as
well as modulation and bit-encoding rules ? D.
design rules for manufacturers of RFID devices
Air interface protocol does not specify the tag
architecture or memory size available, nor design
rules for manufacturers of RFID devices
therefore, answers B and D are incorrect.
61
60. Back-end systems should be considered suspect
of failure when ? A. tag data is not associated
with a particular product it is attached to. ? B.
the interrogator firmware load needs to be
upgraded. ? C. EPC numbers are not being
recognized as valid. ? D. products are deleted
from inventory after being read.
Tag data is basically associated with a database
record. If there are consistently no
associations, then the configuration of the
back-end system should be checked. Answer B
is incorrect unless no tags are being read at
all. Then it might be a hardware or software
(firmware) issue. When products are being
deleted from inventory after being read, the
back-end systems are not failing therefore,
answer D is incorrect.
62
61. Which of the following can provide a function
of an antenna in an RFID tag? ? A. A coiled
spring ? B. An induction frequency adapter ? C.
An internal diode ? D. An induction coil
An induction coil used mainly in Low to
High Frequency tags is a passive electronic
component that stores energy in the form of a
magnetic field. In its simplest form, an
induction coil consists of a wire loop or coil.
The inductance is directly proportional to the
number of turns in the coil. Inductance also
depends on the radius of the coil and on the type
of material around which the coil is wound.
Certain tags use antennas instead of the
induction coil these are Ultra High Frequency
tags. Answer A is not correct because tags do not
have springs as part of their anatomy. Answer B
is not correct because the term induction
frequency adapter is not defined in RFID, and
answer C is incorrect because the anatomy does
not include an internal diode.
63
62. Which international standard specifies the
air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz? ?
A. ANSI NCTIS 256 ? B. ISO 18000 Part 2 ? C. ISO
18000 Part 6 ? D. EN 300 220 ? D. This statement
is false because ESD is used to power
interrogators.
ISO 18000 Part 6 specifies the air interface
communications at a frequency band 860 to 960
MHz. Answer A is incorrect because ANSI NCTIS 256
is a standard for item management that describes
three 2.4 GHz interfaces, 2 UHF interfaces, and
the 13.56 MHz interface. Answer B is incorrect,
because ISO 18000 Part 2 sets the parameters for
air interface communications below 135
kHz. Answer D is also incorrect because EN 300
220 is provided by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and
is not valid internationally and specifies power,
bandwidth and duty cycle.
64
63. Which of the following is/are characteristics
of a passive tag? ? A. A passive tag usually has
its own power source. ? B. A passive tag usually
has a range of 100 feet or more. ? C. A passive
tag generally draws all of its power from the
radio waves transmitted by an RFID reader. ? D. A
passive tag uses beaconing to let the reader
knows it is in its interrogation zone.
Passive RF tags obtain operating power from
the RF reader. They are smaller and lighter than
active tags but have a shorter communication
range and require a high-powered reader. Answer A
is incorrect because passive tags usually do not
have their own power source. Answer B is
incorrect because passive tags usually do not
achieve such long read ranges they vary from 1
inch up to 30 feet. Passive tags do not have
their own transmitter and so cannot
beacon. Therefore, answer D is also incorrect.
65
64. In terms of RFID, what does the acronym WORM
stand for? ? A. Write once, read many ? B. A
virus that affects the tags data, making it read
as 00001100 ? C. A program or algorithm that
replicates itself over a computer network and
usually performs malicious actions, such as using
up the computers resources and possibly shutting
down the system ? D. Write many, read man
WORM means write once, read many times.
In addition, WORM refers to both Class 0 and
Class 1 tags, where Class 0 is not an official
tag classification. Answer B is not
correct because, in terms of RFID technology, the
data from a tag is not able to interface directly
with the back-end system. Answer C is not
correct because this is an RFID term and does not
refer to a virus. Although the tags with WORM
technology can be technically read and written to
many times, the official term, WORM, refers to
write once, read many. Therefore, answer D is
incorrect.
66
65. Which of the following, if any, accurately
describe what is meant by single dipole? ? A. An
antenna with one connect point but multiple
axes ? B. A single-axis antenna ? C. An array of
antennas lined up in a criss-cross pattern ? D.
Antennas that are overlapping ? E. None of the
above
In the early days of RFID, tags were only
single dipole. This means that there is
essentially one antenna aligned on a single axis.
The resulting correlation of the tag to the field
is the meaning of a single-axis antenna, or
single dipole. For a field with specific
polarization, these types of tags must be aligned
so that they are parallel with the read field.
For example, if linear antennas are used and are
aligned horizontally, the tags must be
horizontally aligned and facing the antennas to
read successfully. These tags work well in
manufacturing lines where the tag orientation and
position can be assured. Answer A is not correct
because the term multiple refers to more than
one, and the question asks about a single
dipole. Answer C is also incorrect because it
refers to more than one antenna
configuration. Answer D is not correct because
like answer C, it refers to more than one antenna
configuration. Answer E is incorrect as well.
67
66. Part 15compliant interrogators can operate
at a maximum transmitted power of 1 watt or up to
____ watts with a gained antenna. ? A. 2 ? B. 4 ?
C. 6 ? D. 100
The maximum allowed level of power with gained
antenna is 4 watts. Therefore, answers A, C, and
D are incorrect.
68
67. Divert gates are most often used to ? A.
divert products that have bar codes. ? B.
separate HF-tagged products from UHF-tagged
products. ? C. divert products with invalid tags
off a production line. ? D. divert interrogator
signals.
Divert gates can be configured to divert products
with bar codes, separate HF-tagged products
from UHF-tagged products, or divert products with
invalid tags off a production line. Divert gates
do not divert interrogator signals
therefore, answer D is incorrect.
69
68. Which of the following organizations safety
rules and regulations have to be followed when
installing RFID systems in facilities in the
US? ? A. World Health Organization (WHO) ? B.
Occupational Safety Administration (OSHA) ? C.
EPC global ? D. Office of Telecommunications
Authority (OFTA)
The Occupational Safety Administration or OSHA
is responsible for employee and facility safety
in the US. All RFID installations in the US need
to comply with OSHA regulations. Answer A is
incorrect because the World Health Organization
produces only recommendations and it is up to
each individual country to enforce these
recommendations as a law and penalize
non-compliance. Answer C is incorrect, because
EPCglobal does not govern installation safety.
Answer D is also incorrect the Office of
Telecommunications Authority (OFTA) is a
government organization in Hong Kong and does not
have jurisdiction over the US.
70
69. What are the current EPC classes? ? A. Class
0 ? B. Class 1 ? C. Class 1, Generation 2 ? D.
All of the above ? E. None of the above
EPC classes include Classes 0 and 1, which
pertain to passive tags. Generation 1, Class 0 is
read-only Class 1 is write once, read many
(WORM). EPC also defines Class 1, Generation
2 for passive tags, which are fully rewritable.
71
70. What is a Faraday Cage? ? A. A cage to hold
Faraday birds ? B. A system to control radiated
signals by containing them or shielding from
them, and in most cases both are achieved ? C. A
set of trigger panels configured into a circle ?
D. None the above
A Faraday Cage is an electrical
apparatus designed to prevent the passage of
radiated signals and waves by either containing
them in or excluding them from its interior
space. It is named for physicist Michael Faraday,
who built the first one in 1836. Answer A is not
correct and is a fictitious reply. Answer C is
not correct because the question refers to
antenna configuration, not triggering devices.
Answer D is incorrect by default.
72
71. Why do passive HF tags have a relatively
shorter read range compared to passive UHF
tags? ? A. Passive HF tags have a smaller antenna
than UHF tags therefore they have shorter read
range. ? B. Passive HF tags use inductive
coupling that utilizes a magnetic field that is
propagated only in short distances within the
allowed power parameters. ? C. Passive HF tags
utilize an electric field that in conjunction
with their induction coil allows only for a short
read range. ? D. Passive HF tags have shorter
read range because of their ASIC chip design.
Answer A is incorrect because the size of
the antenna usually increases with decreasing
frequency due to the relationship between the
wavelength and antenna size. The read
range depends on communication method and power,
not on the size of tags antenna. Answer C is
incorrect, passive HF tags utilize a
magnetic field and not an electric field. Answer
D is also incorrect. The read range for passive
HF tags depends on the method of energy
transfer and communication and generally not on
the chip design.
73
72. What is passive backscatter? ? A. The term is
used to describe how one interrogator sends a
signal to another interrogator. ? B. A reader
sends out an RF signal, and then a tag replies to
the signal by breaking up the signal into ones
and zeros. ? C. A tag that has the substrate
removed, allowing the radiated signal to bounce
around. ? D. All of the above.
UHF and microwave passive tags have antennas (as
opposed to having an induction coil) and
communicate with a reader using passive
backscatter (also called modulated
backscatter). The reader transmits a
continuous-wave RF signal into the
reading environment. When a tag appears in the
area, it receives the signal and modulates (or
breaks up) the RF signal into patterns of ones
and zeros that define the tags digital data
while reflecting it back to the reader. Answer A
is not correct because the passive backscatter
refers to interrogator/tag communication. Answer
C is not correct because passive backscatter
refers to the signal to and from