Eve 9810001M

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Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

• Eve 9810001M
• Sabrina 9810002M

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Outline

• Data Analytic Strategies
• Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
• Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies
• Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data
  Analysis
• Writing Research Reports
• Ways of Conducting Reports

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Data Analytic Strategies

• Recursive analytic strategies
• analyze cases generate findings
• draw conclusion from grounded theory
  write report

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• Nine qualitative data analysis principles
• 1. Collect the data in the field and study all
  the data carefully to find out similarities and
  difference, concepts and reflection.
• 2. The data analysis can be stopped only with the
  emergence of regularities (Saturation and
  sufficiency of information).

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• 3. Accountability of information Keep notes or
  transcripts if readers or reviewers want to
  review the data analysis procedures and results.
• 4. Divide the data into smaller , more meaning
  units related to your major points after reading
  them all.

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• 5. Organize the smaller units into categories
  (based on major points). The process is
  inductive.
• 6. Use comparison to build and refine categories,
  define conceptual similarities, find negative
  evidence, and discover patterns.
• Ex pro one pattern
• con one pattern

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• 7. The categories are flexible and are modified
  as further data analysis occurs.
• 8. Analyze negative cases to reflect their
  perspectives.
• 9. Synthesize the patterns into the grounded
  theory.

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• (A) (B) (C) (B)
  (B) (C) (C)

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Categor1 (pro 1)
Category 2 (pro2)
Category 3 (pro3)
Category 4 (con1)
Pattern 2
Pattern 1
Grounded Theory
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Suggestions

• Should be
• - connected with what is being discussed in
  the major points.
• - exact excerpt used in the statement.
• Should not be
• - based on interviewers personal opinions.
• - irrelevant to the major points.

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Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis

• 1. Give codes from the notes.
• 2. Note personal reflections in the margin.
• 3. Sort and sift the notes to identify similar
  and different relationships between patterns.

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• 4. Identify these patterns, similarities and
  differences.
• 5. Elaborate a small set of generalizations that
  cover the consistencies.
• 6. Examine those generalizations and form
  grounded theory.

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Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies

• Grounded theory
• A process of constructing various data
• Inductive process by collecting, analyzing and
  comparing data systematically.
• Theory is grounded on data to explain the
  phenomena.
• The main purpose is to develop theory through
  understanding concepts that are related by means
  of statements of relationships.

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• Recur by moving back and forth with the data,
  analyzing, collecting more data and analyzing
  some more until reaching conclusions.
• An interactional method of theory building by
  comparing and analyzing the data.

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• Three steps in the grounded theory analytic
  process
• 1. Open coding
• Break data into small parts compare for
  similarities and differences explain the
  meanings of the data by focusing on who, when,
  where, what, how much, why (ask questions to get
  a clear story)

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• 2. Axial coding
• After open coding, make connection (sort)
  between categories and confirm or disconfirm your
  hypotheses.
• 3. Selective coding
• Select the core category (match hypotheses)
  and explain the minor category (against
  hypotheses) with additional supporting data.

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• Coding process
• Open coding
• Axial coding
• Select coding

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Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis

• A. Triangulating Data
• Use multiple methods and data sources to support
  the strength of interpretations and conclusion
• Ex) semi-structured interviews, consent form,
  grounded theory

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• B. Audits
• Questions to examine the data for interpretations
  and conclusion
• 1. Is sampling appropriate to ground the
  findings?
• 2. Are coding strategies applied correctly?
• 3. Is the category process appropriate?
• 4. Do the results link hypotheses? (examine
  literature review)
• 5. Are the negative cases explained?
  (minoritys voice)

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Suggestions

• Four steps of negative case testing
• 1. Make a rough hypothesis
• 2. Conduct a thorough search
• 3. Discard or reformulate hypothesis
• 4. Examine all relevant cases

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• C. Cultural bias
• Discuss cultural differences with different
  groups of participants
• To see whether divergence is based on culturally
  different interpretations

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• D. Generalization
• Not appropriate for qualitative research
• Two perspectives for generalization
• 1. Case-to-case translation
  (transferability)-
• by providing thick description to apply
  to another setting
• 2. Analytic generalization-
• form a particular set of results to a
  broader theory
• Ex) use deviant cases

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Writing Research Reports

• A. Introduction
• B. Literature Review
• C. Methodology
• D. Results Tie the results to study purpose
  (hypotheses)
• E. Discussions and Conclusion
• Tie discussions to the literature
  recommendations for
• practice limitations of the study

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Ways of Conducting Reports

• A. Quantitative reports
• Report results by the use of tables and graphs
• Avoid first-person pronoun
• Use passive voice (It is shown / suggested that)

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• B. Qualitative reports
• Look for a deep and valid description (narrative
  style)
• Look for well-grounded theory
• Seek contextual meaning by understanding
  demographic
• information (different experiences)

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• Thank you for your attention.