Title: The Cold War
1The EarlyCold War1945-1960
2Part IReconstruction Confrontation
3World War II is over
- Japan and Europe are in ruins
- Agriculture
- Industry
- Transportation
- In ruins
4The Cold War 1945-1991
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6Climate of mutual distrust
- Soviets feared Capitalist encirclement
7- World Bank set up
- to help stimulate development in third
world countries - IMF International Monetary Fund
- to regulate exchange rates.
8- United Nations set up
- provided a forum resolving postwar conflicts
9UNITED NATIONS
10UNITED NATIONS
- United States, Great Britain, France, China, and
the USSR - each would have a permanent seat and veto power
on the governing Security Council.
11REBUILDING JAPAN
- General MacArthur
- US pledge military protection
- New Constitution helps to rebuild Japan
12COLD WAR
- Such concern about rebuilding of Germany
- Soviets built buffer countries
13COLD WAR
- Occupied Germany
- Divided into 4 sectors
- France, Great Britain, Russia and the United
States
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15COLD WAR
- Berlin
- Capital of country located in Russian sector
- City divided into the same 4 vectors
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17HARRY S TRUMAN
- United States developed policy of
- Containment
18The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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20THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
21What was it..
Because of the fear of Communism the USA was
prepared to intervene throughout the world to
protect democracy against communism. By lending
equipment, advice etc ( and eventually military
force) The main aim was to stop communism
spreading further This policy was called
CONTAINMENT
22TRUMAN DOCTRINE
- The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that
the USA would support free peoples who are
resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures. - aid to Greece and Turkey
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24THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947(Marshall Aid)
- An American response to the poverty and hardship
in post war Europe - Who was Marshall?
- An American General and American Secretary of
State, sent to assess the economic state of
Europe
25It was thought that these were the conditions in
which communism thrived WHY?
Economies in ruins Shortages of goods Bread still
rationed Coal shortages in GB electricity cuts
each day
Details
26Marshalls reaction
- Lend 17 million dollars to Europe
- 1948 Plan passes by Congress to last four
years
27MARSHALL PLAN
- The Marshall Plan
-
- by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of
Communism, Czechoslovakia showed interest in
receiving Marshall Aid but was blocked by
Russia.The Soviet system was as much dependent
upon creating a self-contained economic bloc as
it was in maintaining a repressive political
system.
28What a nice gesture by the Americans.
- Yes BUT..
- The aid came in the form of goods made by
American firms - So there was an element of American self-interest
to prevent another depression in USA
29And Stalin
- He hated Marshall Aid!!
- Forbade Eastern European countries from having
anything to do with it - Regarded as anti-Communist
- Feared that it might weaken his hold on Eastern
Bloc - And Eastern countries would swing to the US
dollar.
30Marshall Plan 1948
- European Recovery Program.
- Secretary of State, George Marshall
- The U. S. should provide aid to all European
nations that need it. This move is not against
any country or doctrine, but against hunger,
poverty, desperation, and chaos. - 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
rejected.
31Improve your knowledge
- The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was
expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid
Russian development of nuclear technology, helped
by the work of the atom spies was a
shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945
and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a
position for the post-war settlement. This helped
make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts
more likely.
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33BERLIN CRISIS
- 1948 Stalin attempted to drive British, French,
and American forces out of Berlin by cutting off
all highway and railway access to the
Western-controlled portion of the city of Berlin
34Berlin Airlift
- West Berlin, as an outpost of Western democracy
and economic success deep within the Communist
zone, was both a nest of spies for both sides and
a constant challenge to the Soviets.The Berlin
Blockade - was an attempt to starve the city into
submission and the Allied airlift signalled the
Wests determination to use all resources to
defend Berlin.
35Berlin Airlift
- Truman restricted his ant-Soviet policy to one of
containment, resisting the advance of Communism
into South Korea. After some hesitation he
resisted his Commander, Gen Douglas MacArthurs
attempt to roll-back Communism by invading
North Korea and China.MacArthur was dismissed
but Trumans successors continued to be drawn
into conflicts of containment for the rest of the
cold war. The beginning of the Korean War also
highlighted the failings of the United
Nations.Up to 1950, Russia and America had
respectively blocked each others iniatives by
using their veto powers in the Security Council.
Because the Russian delegates were boycotting the
UN in 1950, Truman was able to condemn the
Communist invasion of S Korea and to set up a
counter-attack under the banner of the UN. In
contrast to the pre-War League of Nations, at
least this ensured that the UN would, in future,
be able to deploy force in international
disputes.
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37Post-War Germany
38Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)
39BERLIN AIRLIFT
40Cold War
- BERLIN AIRLIFT
- France, Britain and United States fused their
sectors of Berlin
41BERLIN AIRLIFT
42Cold War
- Economic recovery was progressing in West Berlin
- Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and
rails
43Cold War
- Attempted to starve the city
- Truman responded with an airlift of supplies to
West Berlin
44Cold War
- Cold War confrontation
- Situation is resolved militarily without a shot
being fired at each other directly
45Cold War
- NATO
- In response to Soviet aggression
- Free nations of Europe and United States
46Cold War
- Formed military alliance
- NATO
- Peacetime military alliance
47North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
- United States
- Belgium
- Britain
- Canada
- Denmark
- France
- Iceland
- Italy
- Luxemburg
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Portugal
- 1952 Greece Turkey
- 1955 West Germany
- 1983 Spain
48- NATO Member Countries
- NATO is an Alliance that consists of 26
independent European and North American Countries
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50Cold War
- Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact Eastern
Europe and Soviet Union - Military pact
51Warsaw Pact (1955)
- U. S. S. R.
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Czechoslovakia
- East Germany
- Hungary
- Poland
- Rumania
52Cold War
- Two sides aligned by alliances
- Different economic and political systems
- Both wary of each other former allies
53Cold War
- Will enter into a war with no direct shots
fired at each other
541949 Fall of China
- In June, Chiang Kai-shek defeated by Mao
- Flee to island of Taiwan
- Oct 1, Mao proclaims Peoples Republic of China
(PRC) - Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow,
- negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual Assistance.
55- the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek
received U.S. support - Attempt to prevent Communist control of China.
56- 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist Party
Chiang Kai-shek - Communist partie Mao Zedong
- met for a series of talks on the formation of a
post-war government. - The truce was tenuous, by 1946 the two sides were
fighting an all-out civil war.
57- Years of corruption and mismanagement had eroded
popular support for the Nationalist Government. - Early in 1947, the ROC Government was already
looking to the island province of Taiwan,
58- few contacts, limited trade and no diplomatic
ties between the two countries. - Until the 1970s, the United States recognized
the Republic of China, located on Taiwan, as
China's true government and supported that
government's holding the Chinese seat in the
United Nations.
59Cold War
- China
- Revolution by Mao-Tse Tung
- Peoples Revolution
60HARRY S TRUMAN
- Communist revolution deposed United States backed
Government of Chaing Kai-shek
61Cold War
- Revolution led to two Chinas
- Taiwan (Nationalist Supported by United States)
- Mainland China
62Cold War
- led by Mao and Communists
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65COLD WAR
- Chaing Kai-shek government was corrupt
- Did not have support of peasants
66COLD WAR
- Grain tax was imposed even during a famine
- 10,000 peasants protested
- Chaing Kai-shek troops opened fire on protesters
67COLD WAR
- Mao Gained the support of Peasants
- Fighting erupted
- United States backed Chaing Kai-shek with 2
billion dollars of aid but no troops
68COLD WAR
- Mao was victorious
- Chaing Kai-shek moved his government to Taiwan
- United States did not recognized mainland China
69COLD WAR
- Peoples Republic of China
- Continued support of Chaing Kai-shek on tiny
island of Taiwan
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71Cold War
- Feeling in the United States was containment
failed - Led to a rise in anti-communists feeling in the
72COLD WAR
- Truman believed that China was an internal
struggle - Not enough for American involvement
73The Korean War A Police Action (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
Domino Theory
74The Arms RaceA Missile Gap?
- The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
1949. - Now there were two nuclear superpowers!
75Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We
will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
76An Historic Irony Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
77The Suez Crisis 1956-1957
78Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
79The Hungarian Uprising 1956
Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister
- Promised free elections.
- This could lead to the end of communist rule in
Hungary.
80Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
81Nixon-KhrushchevKitchen Debate(1959)
Cold War ---gt Tensions
lt--- Technology Affluence
82U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
83Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
84The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
85Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
86Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
87Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
88Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
89Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
90Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
91Vietnam War 1965-1973
92Prague Spring (1968)
Former Czech President, Alexander
Dubcek Communism with a human face!
93Prague Spring Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested like Vaclav
Havelfuture president of a free Czech Republic.
944th French Republic 1945-1958
- Democratic, but politically unstable 27
governments! - Universal suffrage.
- Weak President powerful legislature
- Many political parties coalition governments
- Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.
- Botched the Suez War.
- Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.
955th French Republic(1958-Present)
- Powerful President. first Charles
DeGaulle - Weak Cabinet.
- Weakened legislature.
- Separation of powers.
96DeGaulles Achievements
- Settled the Algerian Crisis.
- Made France a nuclear power.
- Sustained general prosperity.
- Maintained a stable, democratic government.
- Made France more politically independent.
BUT, late 60s student unrest and social changes
challenged him. In 1968 he resigned died of a
heart attack in 1970.
97Student Riots in Paris(May, 1968)
98Clement Attlee the Labor Party 1945-1951
- Limited socialist programmodern welfare state.
- Natl. Insurance Act
- Natl. Health Service Act
- Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel
industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor
transportation, and aviation. - Social insurance legislation Cradle-to-Grave
security. - Socialized medicine ? free national health care.
99Clement Attlee the Labor Party 1945-1951
- Britain is in a big debt!
- The beginning of the end of the British Empire.
- India 1947
- Palestine 1948
- Kenya ? Mau Mau uprising - 1955
100Churchill Returns 1951-1955
He never really tried to destroy the welfare
state established by Attlees government.
101The Federated Republicof Germany
- Created in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.
- Its army limited to12 divisions 275,000.
- Konrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,was its
1st President. - Coalition of moderates and conservatives.
- Pro-Western foreign policy.
- German economic miracle.
- Father of Modern Germany.
102Italy After WW II
- Alcide de Gasperi was Italys P.M. from 1948-1953
- Coalition governments short and unstable!
103Part IIEuropeanUnion
104European Economic Integration
- 1947 ? General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade GATT - 23 nations.
- Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.
- It set up procedures to handle commercial
complaints. - It provided a framework for continuing
negotiations rounds. - By 1990, 99 nations were participating.
105European Economic Integration
- 1952 ? European Coal Steel Community
ECSC. - HQ in Luxembourg.
- Inner Six ? Benelux nations,
France, Italy, W. Germany. - Placed their coal and steel industries under a
form of supranational authority. - Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and
steel.
106European Economic Integration
- 1957 ? European Economic Community
EEC - HQ ? Brussels.
- Treaty of Rome.
107European Economic Integration
- 1957 ? European Economic Community
EEC - France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.
- Created a larger free trade area, or customs
union. - Eliminate all trade barriers.
- One common tariff with the outside world.
- Free movement of capital labor.
108European Economic Integration
- 1967 ? combined the ECSC EEC to form the
European Community EC. - HQ ? Brussels.
- European Parliament.
- Eurocrats.
- 518 members elected by all voters in Europe.
- Only limited legislative power.
- Court of Justice.
109European Economic Integration
- 1991-92 ? Maastricht Agreements
- European Union EU created from the EC.
- One currency, one culture, one social area, and
one environment! - Create a frontier-free Europe ? a common EU
passport. - One large common market.
- Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs
placed on them. - 2002 ? a common currency Euro
- 2003 ? 60,000 men EU rapid defense
force was created.