The Cold War

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The EarlyCold War1945-1960
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Part IReconstruction Confrontation
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World War II is over

• Japan and Europe are in ruins
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Transportation
• In ruins

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The Cold War 1945-1991
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Climate of mutual distrust

• Soviets feared Capitalist encirclement

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• World Bank set up
• to help stimulate development in third
  world countries
• IMF International Monetary Fund
• to regulate exchange rates.

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• United Nations set up
• provided a forum resolving postwar conflicts

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UNITED NATIONS

• 197 members

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UNITED NATIONS

• United States, Great Britain, France, China, and
  the USSR
• each would have a permanent seat and veto power
  on the governing Security Council.

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REBUILDING JAPAN

• General MacArthur
• US pledge military protection
• New Constitution helps to rebuild Japan

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COLD WAR

• Such concern about rebuilding of Germany
• Soviets built buffer countries

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COLD WAR

• Occupied Germany
• Divided into 4 sectors
• France, Great Britain, Russia and the United
  States

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COLD WAR

• Berlin
• Capital of country located in Russian sector
• City divided into the same 4 vectors

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HARRY S TRUMAN

• United States developed policy of
• Containment

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
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What was it..
Because of the fear of Communism the USA was
prepared to intervene throughout the world to
protect democracy against communism. By lending
equipment, advice etc ( and eventually military
force) The main aim was to stop communism
spreading further This policy was called
CONTAINMENT
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TRUMAN DOCTRINE

• The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that
  the USA would support free peoples who are
  resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by
  outside pressures.
• aid to Greece and Turkey

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THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947(Marshall Aid)

• An American response to the poverty and hardship
  in post war Europe
• Who was Marshall?
• An American General and American Secretary of
  State, sent to assess the economic state of
  Europe

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It was thought that these were the conditions in
which communism thrived WHY?
Economies in ruins Shortages of goods Bread still
rationed Coal shortages in GB electricity cuts
each day
Details
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Marshalls reaction

• Lend 17 million dollars to Europe
• 1948 Plan passes by Congress to last four
  years

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MARSHALL PLAN

• The Marshall Plan
• by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of
  Communism, Czechoslovakia showed interest in
  receiving Marshall Aid but was blocked by
  Russia.The Soviet system was as much dependent
  upon creating a self-contained economic bloc as
  it was in maintaining a repressive political
  system.

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What a nice gesture by the Americans.

• Yes BUT..
• The aid came in the form of goods made by
  American firms
• So there was an element of American self-interest
  to prevent another depression in USA

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And Stalin

• He hated Marshall Aid!!
• Forbade Eastern European countries from having
  anything to do with it
• Regarded as anti-Communist
• Feared that it might weaken his hold on Eastern
  Bloc
• And Eastern countries would swing to the US
  dollar.

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Marshall Plan 1948

1. European Recovery Program.
2. Secretary of State, George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European
   nations that need it. This move is not against
   any country or doctrine, but against hunger,
   poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4. 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
   extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
   rejected.

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Improve your knowledge

• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was
  expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid
  Russian development of nuclear technology, helped
  by the work of the atom spies was a
  shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
  war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945
  and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a
  position for the post-war settlement. This helped
  make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts
  more likely.

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BERLIN CRISIS

• 1948 Stalin attempted to drive British, French,
  and American forces out of Berlin by cutting off
  all highway and railway access to the
  Western-controlled portion of the city of Berlin

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Berlin Airlift

• West Berlin, as an outpost of Western democracy
  and economic success deep within the Communist
  zone, was both a nest of spies for both sides and
  a constant challenge to the Soviets.The Berlin
  Blockade
• was an attempt to starve the city into
  submission and the Allied airlift signalled the
  Wests determination to use all resources to
  defend Berlin.

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Berlin Airlift

• Truman restricted his ant-Soviet policy to one of
  containment, resisting the advance of Communism
  into South Korea. After some hesitation he
  resisted his Commander, Gen Douglas MacArthurs
  attempt to roll-back Communism by invading
  North Korea and China.MacArthur was dismissed
  but Trumans successors continued to be drawn
  into conflicts of containment for the rest of the
  cold war. The beginning of the Korean War also
  highlighted the failings of the United
  Nations.Up to 1950, Russia and America had
  respectively blocked each others iniatives by
  using their veto powers in the Security Council.
  Because the Russian delegates were boycotting the
  UN in 1950, Truman was able to condemn the
  Communist invasion of S Korea and to set up a
  counter-attack under the banner of the UN. In
  contrast to the pre-War League of Nations, at
  least this ensured that the UN would, in future,
  be able to deploy force in international
  disputes.

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Post-War Germany
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Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)
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BERLIN AIRLIFT

• U.S. Airlift

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Cold War

• BERLIN AIRLIFT
• France, Britain and United States fused their
  sectors of Berlin

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BERLIN AIRLIFT
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Cold War

• Economic recovery was progressing in West Berlin
• Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and
  rails

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Cold War

• Attempted to starve the city
• Truman responded with an airlift of supplies to
  West Berlin

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Cold War

• Cold War confrontation
• Situation is resolved militarily without a shot
  being fired at each other directly

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Cold War

• NATO
• In response to Soviet aggression
• Free nations of Europe and United States

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Cold War

• Formed military alliance
• NATO
• Peacetime military alliance

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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• NATO Member Countries
• NATO is an Alliance that consists of 26
  independent European and North American Countries

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Cold War

• Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact Eastern
  Europe and Soviet Union
• Military pact

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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Cold War

• Two sides aligned by alliances
• Different economic and political systems
• Both wary of each other former allies

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Cold War

• Will enter into a war with no direct shots
  fired at each other

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1949 Fall of China

• In June, Chiang Kai-shek defeated by Mao
• Flee to island of Taiwan
• Oct 1, Mao proclaims Peoples Republic of China
  (PRC)
• Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow,
• negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
  Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

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• the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek
  received U.S. support
• Attempt to prevent Communist control of China.

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• 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist Party
  Chiang Kai-shek
• Communist partie Mao Zedong
• met for a series of talks on the formation of a
  post-war government.
• The truce was tenuous, by 1946 the two sides were
  fighting an all-out civil war.

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• Years of corruption and mismanagement had eroded
  popular support for the Nationalist Government.
• Early in 1947, the ROC Government was already
  looking to the island province of Taiwan,

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• few contacts, limited trade and no diplomatic
  ties between the two countries.
• Until the 1970s, the United States recognized
  the Republic of China, located on Taiwan, as
  China's true government and supported that
  government's holding the Chinese seat in the
  United Nations.

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Cold War

• China
• Revolution by Mao-Tse Tung
• Peoples Revolution

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HARRY S TRUMAN

• Communist revolution deposed United States backed
  Government of Chaing Kai-shek

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Cold War

• Revolution led to two Chinas
• Taiwan (Nationalist Supported by United States)
• Mainland China

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Cold War

• led by Mao and Communists

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COLD WAR

• Chaing Kai-shek government was corrupt
• Did not have support of peasants

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COLD WAR

• Grain tax was imposed even during a famine
• 10,000 peasants protested
• Chaing Kai-shek troops opened fire on protesters

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COLD WAR

• Mao Gained the support of Peasants
• Fighting erupted
• United States backed Chaing Kai-shek with 2
  billion dollars of aid but no troops

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COLD WAR

• Mao was victorious
• Chaing Kai-shek moved his government to Taiwan
• United States did not recognized mainland China

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COLD WAR

• Peoples Republic of China
• Continued support of Chaing Kai-shek on tiny
  island of Taiwan

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Cold War

• Feeling in the United States was containment
  failed
• Led to a rise in anti-communists feeling in the

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COLD WAR

• Truman believed that China was an internal
  struggle
• Not enough for American involvement

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The Korean War A Police Action (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
Domino Theory
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The Arms RaceA Missile Gap?

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

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Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We
will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
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An Historic Irony Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
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The Suez Crisis 1956-1957
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
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The Hungarian Uprising 1956
Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister

• Promised free elections.
• This could lead to the end of communist rule in
  Hungary.

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Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
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Nixon-KhrushchevKitchen Debate(1959)
Cold War ---gt Tensions
lt--- Technology Affluence
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
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Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
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The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
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Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Vietnam War 1965-1973
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Prague Spring (1968)
Former Czech President, Alexander
Dubcek Communism with a human face!
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Prague Spring Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested like Vaclav
Havelfuture president of a free Czech Republic.
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4th French Republic 1945-1958

1. Democratic, but politically unstable 27
   governments!
2. Universal suffrage.
3. Weak President powerful legislature
4. Many political parties coalition governments
5. Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.
6. Botched the Suez War.
7. Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.

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5th French Republic(1958-Present)

1. Powerful President. first Charles
   DeGaulle
2. Weak Cabinet.
3. Weakened legislature.
4. Separation of powers.

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DeGaulles Achievements

1. Settled the Algerian Crisis.
2. Made France a nuclear power.
3. Sustained general prosperity.
4. Maintained a stable, democratic government.
5. Made France more politically independent.

BUT, late 60s student unrest and social changes
challenged him. In 1968 he resigned died of a
heart attack in 1970.
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Student Riots in Paris(May, 1968)
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Clement Attlee the Labor Party 1945-1951

• Limited socialist programmodern welfare state.
• Natl. Insurance Act
• Natl. Health Service Act
• Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel
  industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor
  transportation, and aviation.
• Social insurance legislation Cradle-to-Grave
  security.
• Socialized medicine ? free national health care.

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Clement Attlee the Labor Party 1945-1951

• Britain is in a big debt!
• The beginning of the end of the British Empire.
• India 1947
• Palestine 1948
• Kenya ? Mau Mau uprising - 1955

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Churchill Returns 1951-1955
He never really tried to destroy the welfare
state established by Attlees government.
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The Federated Republicof Germany

• Created in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.
• Its army limited to12 divisions 275,000.
• Konrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,was its
  1st President.
• Coalition of moderates and conservatives.
• Pro-Western foreign policy.
• German economic miracle.
• Father of Modern Germany.

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Italy After WW II

1. Alcide de Gasperi was Italys P.M. from 1948-1953
2. Coalition governments short and unstable!

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Part IIEuropeanUnion
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European Economic Integration

• 1947 ? General Agreement on Tariffs and
  Trade GATT
• 23 nations.
• Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.
• It set up procedures to handle commercial
  complaints.
• It provided a framework for continuing
  negotiations rounds.
• By 1990, 99 nations were participating.

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European Economic Integration

• 1952 ? European Coal Steel Community
  ECSC.
• HQ in Luxembourg.
• Inner Six ? Benelux nations,
  France, Italy, W. Germany.
• Placed their coal and steel industries under a
  form of supranational authority.
• Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and
  steel.

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European Economic Integration

• 1957 ? European Economic Community
  EEC
• HQ ? Brussels.
• Treaty of Rome.

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European Economic Integration

• 1957 ? European Economic Community
  EEC
• France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.
• Created a larger free trade area, or customs
  union.
• Eliminate all trade barriers.
• One common tariff with the outside world.
• Free movement of capital labor.

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European Economic Integration

• 1967 ? combined the ECSC EEC to form the
  European Community EC.
• HQ ? Brussels.
• European Parliament.
• Eurocrats.
• 518 members elected by all voters in Europe.
• Only limited legislative power.
• Court of Justice.

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European Economic Integration

• 1991-92 ? Maastricht Agreements
• European Union EU created from the EC.
• One currency, one culture, one social area, and
  one environment!
• Create a frontier-free Europe ? a common EU
  passport.
• One large common market.
• Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs
  placed on them.
• 2002 ? a common currency Euro
• 2003 ? 60,000 men EU rapid defense
  force was created.