Chapter 19, Section 2 Reaction and Revolution

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Chapter 19, Section 2Reaction and Revolution

• BIG Idea
• Self-Determination
• In 1848, liberals and nationals rebelled against
  many of the conservative governments of Europe.
• Focus Question
• Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat
  to rulers of large territories?

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The Conference of Vienna

• After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain,
  Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress
  of Vienna to restore the former monarchs to
  ensure peace and balance in Europe.
• The European powers divided the land to ensure
  political and military stability.
• The European powers believed in a political
  philosophy known as conservatism, which is based
  on tradition, the value of social stability, and
  organized religion.

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The Conference of Vienna

• The European powers, except for Britain, adopted
  the principle of intervention, which allowed the
  great powers to send armies into nations where
  there were revolutions.
• The great powers used military forces to put an
  end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and
  restored monarchies to these nations.

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Forces of Change

• While conservative governments were in charge,
  powerful forces such as liberalism were
  spreading.
• Liberals wanted to be as free as possible from
  government restraints and to protect civil
  liberties, such as freedom of the press and
  speech, religious tolerance, and government rule
  by constitution.
• Many liberals wanted a written document like the
  American Bill of Rights.

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Forces of Change

• Another force of change in nineteenth-century
  Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when
  people began to identify themselves based on
  language, region, culture, and customs.
• Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because
  giving independence to nationalistic groups would
  upset the balance of power established at the
  Congress of Vienna.
• Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led
  to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium
  overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and
  Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• FRANCE
• Economic troubles in France led to a new
  rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown,
  and the new government established the policy of
  universal male suffrage.
• In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making
  the Second Republic the new government of France.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• FRANCE
• The first elected
• president was
• Charles
• Louis-Napoleon
• Bonaparte.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• GERMAN STATES
• The 38 independent states of the German
  Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However,
  the Frankfurt Assembly, an all German parliament,
  failed to gain the support of Frederick William
  VI of Prussia, leader of one of the largest
  independent German states.
• CENTRAL EUROPE
• Austria was a multinational state including
  Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks,
  Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians,
  and Ukrainians.
• Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own
  governments, but were crushed by Austrian and
  Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Revolts in northern
• Italian states of
• Lombardy and Venetia
• were also put down by
• Austrian authorities
• in 1849.

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ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTIONWhy might growing
nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of
large territories?
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Chapter 19, Section 3National Unification and
Nationalism

• BIG Idea
• Self-Determination
• In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians
  created their own nations. However, not all
  national groups were able to reach that goal.
• Focus Question
• Why might groups want self rule?

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Toward National Unification

• Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the
  Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia.
• The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and
  declared war on Russia.
• Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger
  Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy
  casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the
  Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under
  international control.

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Toward National Unification

• The effect of the Crimean War was that the
  Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not
  support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia
  and Austria became enemies.
• Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent
  Germany and Italy from unifying.
• In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of
  Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.

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Toward National Unification

• Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return
  for territory, France would support the
  unification of northern Italy.
• In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took
  control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern
  mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over
  control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of
  Piedmont.
• Italy was finally unified after the
  Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the
  Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

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Toward National Unification

• Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German
  unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state
  known for its militarism.
• In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von
  Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of
  parliament. He strengthened the army, collected
  taxes, and expanded into Denmark.

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Toward National Unification

• Bismark is often considered the foremost 19th C.
  practitioner of realpolitik.
• The politics of reality, politics based on
  practical matters rather than on theory or
  ethics.
• In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized
  the North German Confederation. The Catholic
  provinces in the south signed a military alliance
  with Prussia.
• In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia
  was victorious and was given the territories of
  Alsace and Lorraine.

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Toward National Unification

• The southern German states agreed to enter into
  union with Prussia. The Second German Empire,
  with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was
  established.
• England
• Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions
  of Europe by making social and political reforms
  to stabilize the country.
• Parliament expanded voting privileges to the
  middle class, so the middle class now had an
  interest in ruling.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of
  workers to rise significantly, so the working
  class was now able to share in the prosperity.
• Queen Victoria, who ruled
• from 1837 to 1901, reflected
• the nationalistic pride of
• British citizens.

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Nationalism in the United States

• In the United States, the Federalists and
  Republicans struggled over political control of
  the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended
  these divisions and gave Americans a surge in
  nationalistic pride.
• In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery
  became the biggest threat to American political
  and social systems.
• Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern
  way of life.

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Nationalism in the United States

• With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860,
  South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern
  states joined them and formed the Confederate
  States of America.
• The American Civil War lasted for four years. The
  Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865 creating
  one nation again.
• The Emancipation Proclamation declared most of
  the nations enslaved people forever free.

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ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTIONWhy might groups want
self rule?
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HONORS

• In addition to your 19.4 homework, if I were you
  I would also answer Question 3 on page 629!