Plant Diversity

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Plant Diversity
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Five Kingdom System
A n i m a l i a

• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Planta
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Animalia

P l a n t a
F u n g i
Protista
Monera
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Kingdom Monera

• Contains the bacteria and cyanobacteria
• The only kingdom in which the cells are
  prokaryotic
• Recent trend to split into two kingdoms
• Eubacteria
• Archebacteria

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Kingdom Protista

• Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms
• Plant-like protists - all the algae
• Fungal-like protists - slime molds and water
  molds
• Animal-like protists - protozoa

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Kingdom Planta

• Land plants
• Autotrophic manufacturing food through
  photosynthesis
• Mosses, Ferns and Fern-allies, Gymnosperms, and
  Angiosperms

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Kingdom Fungi

• Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and
  rely on external sources of nutrition
• The fungi, from molds to mushrooms, are
  absorptive heterotrophs, secreting enzymes into
  their surroundings that break down food which is
  then absorbed

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Kingdom Animalia

• Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and
  rely on external sources of nutrition
• Animals, from primitive sponges to highly evolved
  mammals, are ingestive heterotrophs, engulfing
  their food and digesting it internally

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Organisms traditionally studied by botanists

• Found in four of the five kingdoms
• Monera - blue-green algae
• Protista - all the other algae
• Plantae - all the land plants
• Fungi - all the fungi

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Kingdom Monera

• Cyanobacteria - blue green algae
• Photosynthetic, prokaryotic organisms
• Found in oceans, fresh water, and terrestrial
  environments
• Used as a food source Nostoc, Spirulina (since
  ancient times - today high protein additive)
• Microscopic unicells, filaments, and colonies
• First appeared in fossil record 3.5 billion yrs
  ago
• Toxins can cause problems during blooms

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Nostoc
Oscillatoria
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Kingdom Protista

• Six divisions of algae
• Division Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates
• Division Chrysophyta - diatoms
• Division Euglenophyta - euglenoids
• Division Chlorophyta - green algae
• Division Rhodophyta - red algae
• Division Phaeophyta - brown algae
• Two divisions of fungi

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Dinoflagellates

• Unicellular algae covered with cellulose plates
  giving an armored appearance
• Important to the food chain in marine and fresh
  water
• Some marine species cause Red Tides
• Population explosion
• Color the water red
• Produce a powerful toxin
• Pfiesteria newly recognized problem

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Dinoflagellates
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Diatoms Golden Brown Algae

• Diatoms abundant and important economically
• Important to the food chain in marine and fresh
  water
• Unicells with silicon-based wall with pits,
  grooves

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Diatomaceous earth

• Walls of the dead diatoms used commercially
• Deposits from past geological ages are known as
  diatomaceous earth
• Uses of diatomaceous earth
• polishing agent in silver polish
• filter in wine and petroleum industries
• soil additive to discourage some garden pests

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Green Algae

• Contains many morphological types
• Abundant and diverse in fresh water
• Play a significant role in aquatic food chains
• Seasonal blooms of green algae are often
  noticeable in ponds and lakes
• Gave rise to the land plants over 400 million yrs
  ago

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Red Alage

• Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae
  occurring in coastal waters often attached to
  rocks
• Highly branched filaments with a feathery
  appearance or sheet-like
• Many used as a food source
• Carrageenan and agar cell wall carbohydrates
  used as stabilizing agents

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Products from red algae

• Carrageenan used in ice cream, pudding, cottage
  cheese, toothpaste, lotions, and paints - imparts
  a creamy texture
• Agar used in a variety of commercial products -
  most important use is as a solidifying agent in
  culture media used in to grow bacteria, fungi,
  and for plant tissue culture

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Brown Algae

• Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae
  occurring in coastal waters often attached to
  rocks
• Huge kelps form extensive underwater "forests"
  off the California coast - among the largest
  plants on Earth
• Rockweeds commonly found in the intertidal zone
  in coastal areas - east coast and west
• Complex form holdfast, stipe, and blade

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KELP - common name for several brown seaweeds
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Products from brown algae

• Some used directly as a food source
• Alginic acids (alginates)
• Used in the treatment of latex during tire
  manufacturing
• binding agent for charcoal briquettes
• confections, ice cream and other products where
  it acts similarly to carrageenan

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Seaweed in our diet

• Red and brown seaweeds have long history a source
  of food, especially in the Orient
• Over 100 species of marine algae are eaten in one
  form or another
• Some favorite red seaweeds are dulse (Rhodymenia)
  and nori (Porphyra)
• Porphyra used by more cultures than any other
  seaweed, has a long history of food use dating
  back to the year 533 - cultivation since 1600s

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Algal Bloom
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Kingdom Planta

• 10 divisions of plants
• can group these into 4 groups
• mosses and liverworts ( one division)
• ferns and fern-allies (four divisions)
• gymnosperms (four divisions)
• angiosperms (one division)

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Bryophytes mosses liverworts

• Small plants, no vascular tissue
• Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium
• Dominant generation is the gametophyte with the
  sporophyte short-lived
• Restricted to moist environments
• Sphagnum (peat moss) grows in acid water and used
  as a soil additive and fuel

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Moss
Liverwort
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Lower Vascular Plants Ferns and fern-allies

• Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium
• Long fossil history
• Four divisions
• whisk ferns
• club mosses
• horsetails
• ferns

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Psilotum or whisk ferns - very primitive plant
that resembles first land plants that existed 400
million years ago No leaves or roots - only a
branched stem
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Club Moss
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Horsetails (Equisetum)
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Ferns - About 10,000 species exist from tropics
to arctic. Typically ferns have compound leaves.
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Gymnosperms

• Vascular plants, many are large - include
  largest organisms on Earth
• Reproduce by seeds
• Dominant sporophyte, gametophytes are microscopic
• Long fossil history
• Four divisions of living gymnosperms

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Gymnosperms

• Division Coniferophyta - Conifers
• Division Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo
• Division Cycadophyta - Cycads
• Division Gnetophyta - Ephedra and allies

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Leaves of a Ginkgo tree
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Conifers

• Includes the biggest, tallest, and oldest living
  organisms
• Separate male and female cones
• Seed produces in female cones
• Pollen produced in male cones
• Economically important for lumber and paper
• Pine (Pinaceae) and cedar (Cupressaceae) are the
  two largest families

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Redwood trees are the largest organisms on Earth
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Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Most widespread vegetation on Earth today
• Greatest economic use

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Fungi

• Generally have a thread-like body
• Hypha - single filament or thread
• Mycelium - all the hyphae of a colony
• Reproduce by spores - usually airborne
• Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista
• True fungi in the Kingdom Fungi

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Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista

• Slime molds
• Slimy (animal-like) feeding stage
• Reproduce by spores
• Water molds
• Many in fresh water others on land
• Important plant pathogens in this group

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Kingdom Fungi

• Includes yeasts, molds, mildews and other
  microfungi
• Also includes mushrooms, bracket fungi,
  puffballs, and other macrofungi
• Fungi
• Include many plant pathogens
• Majority are saprobic and recycle organic
  material

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Fungi include molds and mushrooms
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Summary

• Living organisms are classified into five
  kingdoms Monera, Protista, Animalia, Planta, and
  Fungi
• Organisms traditionally known as plants are found
  in four of the five kingdoms