Enlightenment Ideas Spread

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Enlightenment Ideas Spread
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Map of Enlightenment
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Paris
Paris, France, was the heart of the Enlightenment
movement in Europe. Many philosophers flocked to
Paris to exchange ideas about society, economics,
politics. They challenged traditional, outdated,
stale beliefs. Philosophers wanted to change the
established way of doing things.
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Philosphers
Philosophers deemed ideas in the Age of Reason to
be outdated, unscientific, and irrational. A
just society should teach social justice and
happiness for all instead of continuing illogical
traditions.
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Censorship

• Governments and church disapproved of philosophe
  writings because they contradicted traditional
  teachings and way of life.
• Church and government censored (restricted) new
  ideas
• Church and government banned and burned books
  that contained new ideas about society
• Writers were imprisoned
• Many writers disguised their ideas in fictional
  novels, a literary form during the Enlightenment
• Educated readers realized they were really
  reading about the philosophes ideas

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Salons

• Informal social gathering spots
• Ideas exchanged among writers, artists,
  philosophes, etc.
• Salons developed in Paris
• Noblewomen invited friends to homes for poetry
  readings
• Philosophes held intellectual discussions on
  numerous topics society, economics, politics

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Art and Literature Reflected New Ideas About
European Society
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Baroque Art

• Huge, colorful paintings, full of excitement
• Glorified historical battles or lives of saints
• Age of Louis XIV (French king)

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CaravaggioSupper at Emmaus
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CaravaggioThe Decapitation of St. John the
Baptist
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CaravaggioThe Sacrifice of Isaac
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Peter Paul RubensDaniel in the Lions Den
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Peter Paul RubenThe Descent From the Cross
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Peter Paul RubenThe Garden of Love
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Rococo

• Less religious themes
• Lighter, splendid, and charming
• Associated with reign of Louis XV-popular in
  France
• Encouraged imagination
• Painters showed subjects in rural settings
  surrounded by happy servants and pets
• Too superficial for the philosophes but well
  liked by upper and middle classes

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Francois BoucherAllegory of Painting
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Francois BoucherPastoral Setting
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Francois BoucherShepherd Boy Playing Bagpipes
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Jean-Honoré FragonardThe Swing
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Antoine WatteauEmbarkation for Cythera
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Summary of Baroque vs. Rococo

• Baroque is grand and complex
• Rococo is light and charming

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Music

• Classical music developed
• Ballets and operas
• Music became more affordable for middle classes

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Johann Sebastian Bach

• Master composer
• Religious compositions for organ and choirs
• Wrote pieces for sonatas and harpsichord
• Click on the following link and listen to some
  samples of Bachs musical compositions
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vXIH_4TLHAA4

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George Friedrich Handel

• Composed Water Music
• Messiah often performed during Christmas and
  Easter

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George Friedrich Handel
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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Important figure in development of classical
  music
• Developed music for symphony and string quartet

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Franz Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Performed operas, symphonies, and emotional
  religious music
• Died at 35
• Produced enormous amount of music during his
  short lifetime

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W.A. Mozart(1756-1791)
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Enlightened Despots

• Philosophes tried to convince ruling monarchs to
  accept their reformist ideas
• Some rulers rejected ideas of philosophes
• Rulers who did accept the ideas were called
  enlightened despots
• Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used
  their power to make political and social change
• They still kept absolute power for themselves

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Frederick IIaka Frederick the Great

• Absolute ruler of Prussia who accepted
  Enlightenment ideas
• Reduced torture and allowed free press
• Desired to make Prussia more efficient
• Reorganized governments civil service and laws
• Tolerated religious differences welcomed victims
  of religious persecution

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Catherine the Great

• Empress of Russia
• Believed in Enlightenment ideas of equality and
  liberty
• Made limited reforms
• Abolished torture
• Established religious tolerance
• Gave nobles a charter of rights
• Criticized serfdom

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Maria Theresa

• Empress of Habsburg Empire (Austria)
• Worked to improve peasants way of life
• Considered to be an enlightened despot

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Joseph II

• Son of Maria Theresa
• Austrian monarch who supported religion freedom
• Eager student of Enlightenment
• Traveled throughout the countryside in disguise
  to learn problems of his people
• Supported religious equality for Protestants and
  Jews in his Catholic empire

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Joseph II

• He ended censorship allowed free press
• Tried to bring Catholic Church under royal
  control
• Sold property of monasteries to care for the sick
• Abolished serfdom (a servant or laborer of olden
  times who was treated as part of the land worked
  on and went along with the land if it was sold)

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Homework Assignment

• Review the following questions on the next slide.
• Write your answers on a sheet of paper.
• We will grade your responses in red pen tomorrow
  in class.

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Powerpoint Questions (12 points)

• 1. What is censorship? What were censored?
• 2. Where did philosophes discuss issues?
• 3. What city was the heart of the Enlightenment?
• 4. Who was an enlightened despot?
• 5. What did Catherine the Great 1) abolish and 2)
  establish in Russia?
• 6. What reforms did Joseph II make to his
  kingdom? (6 points)

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The End