The Industrial Revolution 1750-1914

1
The Industrial Revolution1750-1914
2
The Industrial Revolution

• Why was Great Britain so successful?

3
The Industrial Revolution

• Began in Great Britain in the late 18th century
• The Industrial Revolution is defined as a basic
  change in the methods of producing goods, using
  power drive machinery

4
Why did Britain develop first?

• Capital a rich merchant class to invest
• Markets home colonial empire
• Raw Materials coal, iron ore, cotton from
  colonies for textiles
• Man Power Large Population excess unskilled
  labor
• Merchant Marine Largest Best Fleet
• Stable Government Good for business

5
Results of the Industrial Revolution
6
Economic Changes

• Factory System- Standardized Parts
• Industrial Capitalism
• Increased Standard of Living
• Unemployment problems, slums
• Expansion of World Trade
• Unequal Distribution of Wealth

7
Exhibition of 1851

• On display, the works of industry of all
  nations.
• Theme of the expo was progress.
• Held inside the Crystal Palace.
• 6,000 exhibits from around the world were on
  display.
• Britain was seen as the workshop of the world.

8
The Agricultural Revolution

• A revolution in agriculture spurred the
  Industrial Revolution.
• Changes in farming
• the amount and types of food produced
• potatoes and corn (Americas)
• New ways to use the land
• Crop rotation
• Charles Townshend- proposed farmers rotate crops
  being planted in their fields.
• Example- Wheat and barley for a season or two,
  then clover and turnips for a season or two.
• Certain crops would replenish nutrient used by
  others.
• Clover and turnips were good feed for animals,
  which led to farmers raising cattle and sheep.

9
The Agricultural Revolution

• New Equipment
• Seed drill- invented by Jethro Tull, planted
  seeds in a straight row.
• Iron plows- during the 1700s they take the place
  of wooden ones.
• Mechanical reapers and thrashers- made harvesting
  easier and increased production.

• The Enclosure Movement
• The wealthy started to claim public land during
  the 1500s.
• Spread even more during the 1700s. Public land
  was fenced off.
• Wealthy landowners farmed more land and
  experimented w/ new crops.

10
Results of the Agricultural Revolution

• More food for the people.
• Diets and health improve.
• Small farmers forced off land they had been on
  for years.
• Tenant farmers
• Rapid population growth.
• Led to demand for manufactured goods.
• New technology and the enclosure movement led to
  fewer workers needed to work the land
• Unemployment led to a larger labor force.

11
The Textile Industry

• Inventions led to the need for a larger labor
  force.
• domestic system- raw wool and cotton was sent to
  farm women and men, they earned money by
  spinning the wool or weaving the cloth in their
  own cottages, this bypassed guild regulations.
• Domestic system could not keep up with demand.
• 1733- John Kay, invented the flying shuttle
  replacing the hand held shuttle used in weaving.
• 1764- James Hargreaves, invented the spinning
  jenny. Spin several threads at the same time
• 1769- Richard Arkwright, invented the water
  frame. 100 threads at the same time
• 1779- Samuel Crompton, invented the spinning
  mule.
• All of these inventions increased the production
  of cotton thread.

12
The Textile Industry

• 1785- Edmund Cartwright, invented a water powered
  loom.
• 1793- Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin
  (actually there were cotton gins before his,
  first to patent it)
• Interchangeable parts

13
The Factory System

• Gradually replaced the domestic system.
• New machines required more space and need to be
  located near a river.
• Expensive
• Required a water wheel to power them.
• Many workers to work the machines.
• Factory system- workers and machines were brought
  together in one place to manufacture goods.
• Each worker had to work a set number of hours
  each day, workers were paid daily or weekly wages.

14
Steam Engine

• Early inventions were powered by water. Steam
  soon became a source of energy in the textile
  industry.
• 1698- Thomas Savery built a steam driven pump.
• Had problems with pressure.
• During the early 1700s Thomas Newcomen developed
  a safer engine.
• Suffered frequent breakdowns and needed to much
  coal.
• James Watt
• Repaired Newcomens engine and made it more
  efficient.
• 4Xs the power on the same coal.

15
Iron Coal

• Britain had large deposits of both iron and coal.
• Better methods of production boosted the output.
• Abraham Darby- developed a way to use coke (a
  form of coal) in place of charcoal to heat iron
  ore.
• Henry Cort- developed a puddling process that
  made iron stronger.
• Created a method to produce iron sheets
• Between 1788 and 1806 Britain quadrupled its iron
  production.
• There was also a high demand for coal to make
  iron and power steam engines.

16
Iron Coal

• Henry Bessemer
• Developed a method that produced steel and other
  materials.
• Bessemer process- blasts of cold air were blown
  through heated iron to remove impurities.
• Steel more readily available.
• Spurred growth in other industries.

17
Transportation Communication

• Boom in industry created the need for a way to
  transport materials and goods.
• 1759- Duke of Bridgewater built a canal to
  connect his coal mines and factories.
• Canals then began to pop up all over Britain.
• John McAdam- a Scottish engineer who invented a
  road surface out of crushed stone that made roads
  usable in all weather.
• Railroads
• There was still a need for good transportation
  and this lead to the development of the
  railroads.
• 1829- George Stephenson invents the Rocket, the
  1st steam powered locomotive.
• Could travel up to 36 mph.
• Between 1840 and 1850 the British built over
  5,000 miles of track.
• Steel rails would replace iron rails speed
  increase (60 mph)

18
Transportation Communication

• Britain was a leader in railroad and
  shipbuilding.
• Robert Fulton- developed a way to use steam power
  for ships.
• 1807- tested the Clermont on the Hudson River.
• 1850s- steamships regularly crossed oceans.

19
Transportation Communication

• 1837- Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph.
• Messages now delivered in minutes or seconds
  instead of days.
• 1851- underwater telegraph cable installed under
  the English Channel.

20
Why did Britain lead the Industrial Revolution?

• Agricultural Revolution- increased food
  production freed up workers to move on to
  industry.
• Britain had large coal and iron supplies.
• Developed an excellent transportation system.
• British entrepreneurs had the capital to invest
  in industry.
• Britain had a large colonial empire.
• Supplied Britain w/ a large amount of natural
  resources.
• Colonials bought British finished goods.
• British govt encouraged growth.

21
Spread of Industrialization

• Britain was being challenged during the late
  1800s.
• Belgium
• Had large coal and iron supplies.
• Long manufacturing tradition.
• Textiles
• Had a skilled labor force ready to work.
• Belgian entrepreneurs had the capital to invest.
• France
• Had a strong textile industry.
• Inventions of its own.
• Joseph Marie Jacquard- developed the 1st power
  loom to weave complex patterns.
• Placed high tariffs on imported textiles to
  encourage buying French goods.
• Govt backed building programs.

22
Spread of Industrialization

• United States
• Had vast natural resources.
• Europeans invested in the new nation.
• Railroad spurred economic growth.
• 1869- had a transcontinental railroad
• By 1870 the U.S. was putting out more iron and
  steel than Britain.
• Germany
• Hurt by divisions among individual German states.
• After Germany became a unified nation they were
  able to compete with the U.S. and Britain.
• Southern and Eastern Europe
• Remained mainly agricultural during the 1800s.

23
Science and Technology

• William Perkins- invented a dye that could be
  made cheap from coal.
• German chemists also produced dyes.
• Replaced more expensive dies like indigo.
• 1800- Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist built
  the 1st electric batteries.
• Michael Faraday- led to the construction of
  electronic generators.
• 1866- workers complete the 1st underwater
  telegraph line across the Atlantic Ocean.
• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone 10
  years later.
• Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio or the
  wireless as it was called in England.

24
The Wizard of Menlo Park

• Thomas Alva Edison
• b. 1847 d. 1931
• Born in Milan, Ohio.
• New Jersey inventor.
• Workshop was in Menlo Park West Orange.
• Edisons Inventions
• Phonograph
• Incandescent light bulb
• Designed an electric generating plant that
  provided power to NYC.
• Received 1,093 patents for his inventions.

25
Thomas Edison Cont.

• Menlo Park known as the invention factory
• Most known for his light bulb improvements.
• 1893- Edisons West Orange lab became the 1st
  motion picture studio.
• Kinetoscope- an early film projector.
• Phonograph- a device that recorded and played
  back sound.

26
Transportation Revolution

• 1886- Internal combustion engine
• Invented by Gottlieb Daimler.
• German scientist
• Fueled by gasoline.
• Used the engine to build one of the 1st
  automobiles.
• 1886- Diesel engine
• Invented by Rudolf Diesel.
• German engineer
• Fueled by petroleum oil or fuel.
• Used to power larger vehicles.
• Trucks, locomotives, and ships.
• The combustion engine led to advances in other
  industries such as petroleum, steel, and rubber.

27
Production

• Productivity- the amount of goods a worker can
  put out in a specific time.
• Interchangeable parts- identical components that
  can be used in place of one another in
  manufacturing.
• Introduced by Eli Whitney.

28
Assembly Line

• Used by Henry Ford _at_ his automobile factory.
• Highland Park, MI
• Workers performed 1 or 2 tasks along a conveyer
  belt and the automobile was built along the line.
• This was a more efficient way to produce goods.
• Allowed goods to be sold at lower prices.
• More people could afford goods such as
  automobiles so demand for these products rose.
• Mass production was used to meet demand.
• Turning out large quantities of identical goods.

29
Financing Industry

• was needed to pay for new machines.
• This lead to the development of the corporation.
• Corporation- a business owned by many investors.
• Investors buy one or more shares.
• Corporations would often establish a monopoly.
• Monopoly- total control over the market of a
  particular product.
• Standard Oil Co.- John D. Rockafeller

30
Population Explosion

• Industrial Revolution took place during a
  population increase in Europe.
• Between 1750 and 1914 population soared from 140
  million to 463 million.
• Agricultural Revolutionimproved diets and
  healthier people.
• Medical discoveries and public sanitation
  decreased disease.
• 1815 to 1914 no large scale wars fought.

31
Cities During the Industrial Rev.

• Located along trade routes. (water and land)
• Served mainly as markets.
• Cities popped up fast.
• People looking for jobs.
• Living conditions got worse.
• Manchester
• 1750- Population of 16,000.
• Iron and coal was nearby.
• Result was textile factories were built here.
• 1855- Manchester was the center of the British
  cotton industry.
• Population of 455,000.

32
Manchester Cont.

• Rapid growth caused major problems.
• Overcrowded houses.
• Inadequate water system.
• No sanitation.
• Pigs were the only garbage collectors.
• Disease
• Not a real city?
• No charter.
• Couldnt tax to raise .
• Couldnt pass certain laws.

33
The Social Structure

• Before Industrialization
• Landowning Aristocracy
• Small Middle Class
• Skilled Workers
• Small farmers or farm workers.
• Made up the majority of the population.

• After Industrialization
• Middle Class expands and challenges the
  aristocracy.
• Wealthiest of the middle class were factory and
  mine owners, bankers, and merchants.
• Professionals joined them such as lawyers and
  doctors.
• Artisans and business clerks made up the lower
  portion of the new middle class.

34
Social Structure

• New Social Class
• Factory Workers
• Majority were unskilled.
• Lowest class in society.
• Workers knew they were a separate class.
• Had little political and economical power.
• They were aware of this.
• By mid-century workers came together to improve
  their working and living conditions.

35
The Role of Women

• Women helped farm the land and/or earned money
  through the domestic system.
• Servants to the wealthy.
• Women worked in the factories and the mines.
• Families often worked together.
• Work added to a womens responsibility.
• Worked 12-16 hours but still had to cook and
  clean for her family.

36
The Role of Women Cont.

• Housewives
• Improved wages allow families to live on 1
  income.
• Men start to become the wage earners while women
  tend to the home.
• Single Women
• Take jobs as servants.
• Cooks, maids, and nurses.
• Made up about 1/3 of the female work force.

37
Work Reform

• Factory Act of 1833- limited the working day for
  children ages 9-13 was no more then 8 hours,
  14-18 no more then 12 hours
• Mines Act-barred women and girls from working in
  mines and made 13 the minimum age for boys
• Combination Acts- outlawed labor unions

38

• What type of power replaced waterpower as a
  source of energy in Britain in the mid-1700s?
• What was the main advantage of crop rotation?
• Where did Britain get its labor force from for
  industry?
• Identify the improvements in farming during 18th
  century England.
• How did Britains colonies contribute to the
  Industrial Revolution?
• What did Britains rapid population growth lead
  to?
• What were consequences of the enclosure system?
• What developments marked the beginning of the
  Industrial Revolution?
• What did scientific farming include?
• What conditions favored Great Britain in being
  the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?
• James Hargreaves
• Richard Arkwright
• What was the purpose of the cotton gin?
• When did the Railroad Age begin in Britain?
• Why was the Industrial Revolution slow to spread
  to other countries?