SOCIAL STUDIES 11

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SOCIAL STUDIES 11

• Canada in the Post War World

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Canada in the Post War World

• The transition into post-war Canada was smoother
  after WW II than the transition from WW I.
• Past experience had alerted the government to the
  needs of returning soldiers and the changes
  required for a successful transition to a
  peace-time economy.

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The Gouzenko Affair

• Of concern was the admission by a Russian cipher
  clerk of the existence of a Soviet spy ring in
  Canada.
• Igor Gouzenkos divulgence of this information
  resulted in a realization by Canada that it was
  not removed from international affairs and
  especially the affairs of its southern neighbour
  the United States of America.
• It would open a new era in foreign affairs.

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Igor Gouzenko

• A cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada
  in Ottawa, Ontario.
• He defected on Sept. 5, 1945 with 109 documents
  on Soviet espionage activities in the West.

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The Cold War Begins

• The U.S.A. and Russia would square off as the
  worlds superpowers.
• As a result of the escalation of nuclear weapons
  and differing political views, the two nations
  would confront each other with challenges for
  control of developing nations.
• The superpowers would engage in small scale wars
  while continually endeavouring to gather secret
  information through espionage and spy rings.

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The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.George Kennan

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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The Arms RaceA Missile Gap?

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vIKqXu-5jw60
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The Cold War World
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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NATO and The Warsaw Pact

• This relationship would become known as the Cold
  War and would manifest itself in battles in
  Korea, Vietnam, Egypt, and Cuba.
• Defensive posturing would result in the creation
  of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of
  democratic countries and the Warsaw Pact, an
  alliance of communist countries.
• The hope of N.A.T.O. was to stop or limit the
  spread of communism, the red menace.

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MAP Countries of the NATO Alliance
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Planning for Peace The United Nations

• The United Nations, a predecessor to the
  ineffective League of Nations, was created in
  1945 in San Francisco formulated on the principle
  of collective security.
• This organization could publicly condemn
  offending nations, impose economic boycotts, and
  engage military force through its Security
  Council.
• The five permanent members of the UN Security
  Council are Great Britain, France, the U.S.A.,
  Russia, and China (they all have the power of
  veto).

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The United Nations Building, NYC
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Planning for Peace The United Nations

• Canada would be an active member of the U.N.
  participating in many aspects of the
  organizations structure.
• Canada would be a member of the prestigious
  Security Council in every decade of the U.N.s
  existence.
• It would be Lester B. Pearson, who would become
  Prime Minister of Canada in 1963, who suggested a
  solution to the Suez Crisis with the deployment
  of an international peace keeping force to
  maintain the peace.

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Lester B. Pearson

• Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson (23 April 1897 27
  December 1972)
• A Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who
  was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957.
• Fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April
  22, 1963, until April 20, 1968

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Planning for Peace The United Nations

• The United Nations is committed to the betterment
  of peoples lives through its many agencies
  including the World Health Organization, UNICEF,
  and the International Monetary Fund.
• Canada has participated in many of these agencies
  as well as development projects, aid during
  natural disasters, and refugee assistance.

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Towards a More Independent Defence Policy

• Military apprehension would lead Canada to closer
  ties with the U.S.A (and decreasing association
  with Great Britain).
• Canada would commit to the N.O.R.A.D agreement in
  1957, a combined defensive effort of North
  America by combined Canadian and American efforts
  (mostly American).

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NORAD Headquarters Colorado
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Towards a More Independent Defence Policy

• The Americans would install three warning
  systems throughout Canada purposed to intercept
  inter-continental ballistic missiles that if
  launched would travel over Canada on their way to
  either the U.S.A. or Russia.
• Canada would keep an army brigade and several air
  squadrons in Europe and Canadians ships and
  planes would track Russian submarines.

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Planned Route of ICBMs
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Towards a More Independent Defence Policy

• The Canadian government would develop civil
  defence plans for citizens and those more
  fearful, would construct bomb shelters.
• Canadians would also become more conscious of
  communist ideologies and sympathies.
• Defence industries screened their workers and
  unions were eyed with a watchful eye.

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1950s Fallout Shelter Handbook
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Towards a More Independent Defence Policy

• The situation in Canada did not parallel the
  American intensity. Senator McCarthy initiated a
  witch-hunt in the U.S.A. for communists and
  communists sympathizers with his House Committee
  on Un-American Activities.
• McCarthys persecution of many innocent Americans
  through this commission would ruin many of their
  lives.

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CARTOON Senator Joseph McCarthy

• What is the cartoon about?
• What is the cartoon suggesting about the evidence
  McCarthy is presenting?
• What does the cartoon suggest might happen to
  McCarthys future?

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The Nuclear Issue in Canada

• In the 1960s tensions existed between the
  presidents of the U.S.A. and Canadian prime
  ministers, probably a result of a lack of total
  commitment by Canada to U.S. defence efforts.
• Both Prime Ministers Diefenbaker and Pearson
  would have confrontations with Presidents Kennedy
  and Johnson.
• Canada was hesitant during the Cuban missile
  crisis and Pearson was hesitant to allow nuclear
  warheads on American missiles on Canadian soil.

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The Avro Arrow

• A shining moment occurred with the development of
  the Avro Arrow, a supersonic jet fighter.
• It was well ahead of its time technologically but
  would be scrapped by the Diefenbaker government
  who maintained modern day warfare would be fought
  with intercontinental missiles rather than jet
  fighters.

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The AVRO Arrow
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The Avro Arrow

• It was also a Liberal inspired project and
  Diefenbaker was a Conservative.
• Some thought the project was submarined by the
  U.S.A. because they had not developed the
  technology.
• It is ironic that most of the worlds minor
  conflicts since then have utilized jet fighters
  almost exclusively.

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The Vietnam War

• Canada did not participate in the Vietnam War
  although some Canadian weapons companies provided
  equipment to the U.S. military.
• Many Canadians were unimpressed with the killing
  of civilians by American troops.

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Trudeaus Foreign Policy

• In 1968 Pierre Elliott Trudeau would become Prime
  Minster of Canada following on the heels of L.B.
  Pearson.
• He wanted to become less dependent on the U.S.A.
• He officially recognized the communist government
  of China contrary to American opinion and ordered
  nuclear missiles removed from Canadian NATO
  forces in Europe.
• He dismantled BOMARC missile bases in Canada and
  ordered the defence budget cut.
• He reduced Canadas NATO contingent in Europe by
  half.

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Pierre Elliott Trudeau

• Was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from
  20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March
  1980 to 30 June 1984.
• Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister
  born in the 20th century.
• Trudeau was a charismatic figure.

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Trudeaus Foreign Policy

• Trudeau also recognized the split between
  development in poorer countries and richer
  countries and part of his mission was to improve
  their economic status.
• C.I.D.A., the Canadian International Development
  Agency, was formed to assist developing
  countries.
• Canada used tied-aid, whereby countries
  receiving aid agreed to buy Canadian goods, as an
  improvement strategy.

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PIE GRAPH CIDA Tied Aid Distribution
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Advances in Science and Technology

• On July 21, 1969, the first manned moon landing
  by the U.S.A. occurred.
• The ozone layer was discovered in 1976.
• In 1969 ARPANET was created, it provided the
  foundation for the development of the Internet.
• Spar Arrowspace, a Canadian company, would
  develop the Canadarm for the U.S, space missions.
  

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SPAR Aerospace Canadarm
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Canada as a Middle Power

• Canada joined La Francophonie, an organization of
  French speaking countries, many former colonies
  of France.
• Canada also participated in the Colombo Plan, a
  plan to assist developing countries.
• Canada invited overseas students to study in
  Canada and sent experts overseas to give
  technical assistance.

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Canada as a Middle Power

• In 1972 SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
  was signed which reduce the number of nuclear
  weapons between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.
• In 1979, the U.S.S.R. sent troops into
  Afghanistan and NATO did the same.
• SALT talks were suspended and many western
  nations boycotted the 1980 Olympic Summer Games
  in Moscow in protest.

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SALT II Talks President Carter and Leonid
Brezhnev Sign Treaty
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Canada as a Middle Power

• The U.S.A. increased its defence spending and a
  Korean passenger jet was shot down over the
  U.S.S.R. after it wandered into Russian air
  space.
• U.S. forces invaded Grenada and deposed a
  pro-Soviet government.

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Canada as a Middle Power

• Prime Minister Trudeau went on a world tour
  endeavouring to engage world leaders in a
  campaign to mediate between the superpowers.
• In February of 1984, after his famous walk in the
  snow, Trudeau decided to leave politics.

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The Mulroney Era Closer Ties with the United
States

• A change in government saw the Conservatives led
  by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney work to improve
  Canadas relationship with the U.S.A.
• Canada, as a NORAD partner, was asked to be part
  of the American Star Wars defence plan that would
  put military defence satellites into space.
• Mulroney, after much controversy, said no but
  left the door open for Canadian companies to bid
  on contracts in the project.

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Brian Mulroney

• Eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from
  September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993.
• Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of
  Canada from 1983 to 1993.
• After retiring from politics, Mulroney resumed
  his earlier career as a lawyer and business
  consultant.

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The Mulroney Era Closer Ties with the United
States

• Mulroney dismantled Trudeaus FIRA, the Foreign
  Investment Review Agency, designed to monitor
  unsuitable investment in Canada by foreign
  companies.
• Mulroney replaced FIRA with Investment Canada, an
  agency designed to encourage suitable investment
  in Canada.
• Mulroney and the Conservatives inititated NAFTA,
  the North American Free Trade Agreement, with the
  U.S.A. to remove tariffs on goods crossing the
  Canadian-U.S. border.

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The Mulroney Era Closer Ties with the United
States

• It was hoped that Canada would attract more
  business from south of the border and have access
  to the larger American market.
• Canadian businesses feared the potential
  competition from bigger, more multi-national
  American businesses.
• Some feared that Canadian businesses would move
  farther south into Mexico where labour was
  cheaper and anti-pollution laws are less
  stringent.

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The End of the Cold War

• A change in leadership in the U.S.S.R. brought
  change to the communist world.
• The U.S.S.R.s President Mikhail Gorbachevs
  policies of glasnost and perestroika brought
  sweeping economic, social, and political reforms,
  to the U.S.S.R.
• Censorship was loosened and greater freedom of
  speech was allowed.
• East Germans, Czechs, Poles, Hungarians, and
  Romanians demanded similar reforms.

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VIDEO The Cold War Ends
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Mikhail Gorbachev

• Was the last General Secretary of the Communist
  Party of the Soviet Union and the last head of
  state of the USSR, serving from 1985 until its
  collapse in 1991.
• His attempts at reform perestroika and glasnost
  as well as summit conferences with United
  States President Ronald Reagan, contributed to
  the end of the Cold War.

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The End of the Cold War

• In November of 1989 the Berlin Wall fell but
  China who experimented with perestroika was more
  reluctant with increased freedoms as evidenced in
  Tiananmen Square where the military squared off
  with demonstrating students and citizens.
• The result indicated China was not as ready as
  the U.S.S.R. to chart a new domestic path.

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Fall of the Berlin Wall Symbolic end of the
Cold War
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The New World Order

• Recent decades have seen Canada active in the
  Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia, and Africa.
• Canadian naval forces participated in the Gulf
  activities and Canadian CF-18s participated in
  the bombings in Yugoslavia.
• After the Gulf War, President George Bush of the
  U.S.A proclaimed a New World Order that would see
  the U.S.A. taking a more active role as a global
  police force rather than peacekeeping.

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The New World Order

• Canadian troops participated in Operation Restore
  Hope in Somalia (Africa), ravaged by civil war,
  under the auspices of the United Nations.
• A teenager was arrested and tortured by the
  Canadian forces.
• Compounding the act was efforts made at a
  cover-up that tarnished the reputation of
  Canadian forces.
• The air borne squadron that was involved was
  completely disbanded as a consequence.

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Operation Restory Hope Somali Children in Bombed
Out Home
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The New World Order

• In Rawanda, Canadian General Romeo Dallaire,
  commanding U.N. peacekeepers requested a large
  multi-national force to disarm the warring
  factions in that country.
• His requests were not responded to and the world
  was horrified to learn that a million people had
  been killed within a few weeks.

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Rwandan Refugee Camp
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The New World Order

• Canadas participation in these conflicts gave
  rise to questions about Canadas involvement and
  commitment to international events and agencies.
• Some suggested that Canada should not have been
  involved in Yugoslavia, a problem interpreted by
  some as a domestic affair in a sovereign country.
  
• Others stated that Canadians had a duty to see
  that the Serbian-Albanian conflict did not
  spread.

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The New World Order

• Others suggested that Canada is unable to defend
  herself with its inadequate military forces and
  we, therefore, must rely on NATO, and hence, must
  meet our commitments to that organization.
• Some suggest that we redefine our independence
  and part of our relationship with the U.S.A and
  not commit to a lock-step adherence to U.S.
  foreign policy.

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A New Era of Globalization

• The 1990s saw Canada actively try to expand its
  trade initiatives.
• Canada eagerly organized Team Canada, a trade
  mission to Asia and Latin America to secure deals
  for investment and exports.
• Canada has signed free trade deals with Chile and
  Israel.

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Canadas Trade With China
What does the chart suggest about Canadas trade
with China?
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A New Era of Globalization

• Canada has joined APEC, the Asia Pacific
  Economic Cooperation Group, to promote freer
  trade among Pacific countries.
• Canada has embraced the idea, albeit with some
  opposition, of globalization, the process by
  which regions and countries of the world are
  becoming interconnected in many facets of life
  and economy.
• Globalization has been speeded up by modern
  communication technologies.

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The Countries of APEC
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A New Era of Globalization

• Proponents of globalization say that it will
  raise living standards for everyone, large
  corporations will invest in less industrialized
  countries, and jobs will be created for more
  people.
• Opponents, who insist globalization is fraught
  with optimism, say the Canadian economy will
  suffer from failed initiatives, the global
  economy is unstable, workers will lose jobs,
  corporations will relocated to countries with
  cheaper labour, and that other cultures are at
  risk from the domination of the ways and cultures
  of Western countries.

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Globalization as the Americans See It
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A New Era of Globalization

• To Canadas credit, it has insisted upon a
  commitment to human rights packages in countries
  with which it has made trade deals.