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Title: Mark Zelman


1
???? ?? ?????????????? ????????
  • Mark Zelman
  • Moscow , December 2005

2
Mathematical Reasoning Test
3
High stakes assessment
4
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  • ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????
    ???????? ??????????????? ?????????, ???????
    ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????
    ??????????????, ??? ?????????????, ??????????
    ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ?
    ?????????????? ??????????, ?????????, ??????
    ?????????? ? ?.?.
  • ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????
    ???????? ? ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????.

5
Purpose of the Test
  • To assess the ability to reason within the core
    mathematical material that is studied by
    undergraduates in fields such as engineering,
    physical sciences, life sciences, computer and
    information sciences, economics, pure
    mathematics, etc.
  • To assess mastery of mathematical skills and
    concepts in this material

6
?????? ?? ??????????? ????????????
  • ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????
    ?? ???????? ? ????????????
  • ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????
    ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????????
    ????????????
  • ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????
    ?????????? ??????????.

7
Score Reports
  • Used to assess qualifications of applicants for
    admission to universities
  • Used to differentiate between candidates based on
    the user's specific requirements
  • Used to provide diagnostic information to test
    takers

8
??????????? ? ??????????????? ????????
  • ????????? ??????? ?????
  • ?????????? ????????
  • ?????????????? ?????????????
  • ?????????????? ? ???????
  • ?????? ? ?????????????.

9
Mathematical Reasoning Capabilities
  • Problem Solving Strategies
  • Logical Reasoning
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Patterns and Similarities
  • Estimation and Approximation

10
?????????????? ??????????
  • ?????????? ? ???????, ??????? ????????????
    ???????? ???????
  • ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????
  • ??????? ? ???????, ???????????????? ???????
  • ???????? (??? ??????????) ??????????, ???????
    ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????.

11
Mathematical Content
  • Arithmetic and algebra, including elementary
    linear algebra
  • Geometry and analytic geometry
  • Functions and graphs, including trigonometric and
    exponential functions
  • Calculus, with elementary differential equations
  • Finite (or discrete) mathematics, including
    discrete probability and statistics

12
Mathematical Competences
  • Reading and understanding information given in
    various formats.
  • Interpreting quantitative information and drawing
    inferences from it.
  • Solving problems, using arithmetical, algebraic,
    geometric, or statistical methods

13
Mathematical Competences
  • Using estimation to solve problems .
  • Communicating quantitative information, active
    Communication originating from the examinee.
  • Recognizing the limitations of mathematical or
    statistical methods

14
Mathematical Competences
  • Using estimation to solve problems .
  • Communicating quantitative information, active
    Communication originating from the examinee. .
  • Recognizing the limitations of mathematical or
    statistical methods

15
3D- Framework
16
???? ????????
  • ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????
    ????, ????? ???????????? ????????????
    ???????????? ?????????
  • ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????/??????????????
    ???????, ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???
    ?????????????? ?????????
  • ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????,
    ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? (????????
    ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????
    ?????????).

17
Question Types
  • Graphical response, where examinees manipulate
    graphical elements
  • Numeric/Algebraic response, where examinees enter
    a number or algebraic expression
  • Selection response, where examinees indicate
    selections (extending the regular multiple-choice
    type in several ways)

18
?????? ??????????????
  • ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????????
    ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?
    ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????
    ?????????? ????????
  • ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????????
  • ???????????, ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????,
    ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????????
  • ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?
    ???????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??
    ?????????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???????

19
Other Features
  • Many questions would require examinees to model
    real-life applications using mathematics in the
    content areas listed.
  • The test could be administered via computer.
  • A scientific calculator would be available on the
    computer screen.
  • A diagnostic score report would be given to help
    identify areas of strengths and weaknesses.

20
????? ?????????? ? ???? ?? ??????????????
????????
21
Welcome to the Mathematical Reasoning Test
22
???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????
? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????
??????? ???????? l x l, ? ??????? ????????? ?????
??????????? ???????? y 2cos(x - ?) ? y - x
1.
???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ???????.
23
???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????
?? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????
????????? ??????? ???????? l x l, ? ???????
????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? y 2cos(x -
?) ? y - x 1.
?????????? ?????
24
Reasoning Capability Estimation and
Approximation Mathematical Content Functions
and Graphs Question Type Graphical Response
Correct Answer
25
???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?
??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ???????????
??????? ???? ??????? f (x) ? g (x) ?????????
? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????????? ??????
??????? y f (x) g (x), ?????? ???? ??
??????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ????? ?????
??????, ? ???????? ?? ? ??????? ?????????.
???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ??
??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ? ?????
?????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????.
26
???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?
??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ???????????
??????? ???? ??????? f (x) ? g (x) ?????????
? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????????? ??????
??????? y f (x) g (x), ?????? ???? ??
??????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ????? ?????
??????, ? ???????? ?? ? ??????? ?????????.
?????????? ?????
27
???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????
????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????
??????? ??? ???????
????????/??????????????
?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????????
???? ????????????? ????. ???? ????????? ? ????
????? ?? ????????? 60 ???????? ? ?????? ?
???????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????????.
?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????
????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????, ?
??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?
????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????,
???????????? ??????, ?????????? ????, ???????????
? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ??
????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? x,
?????????? ????? v ? z?
???????? ? ??????
??????? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????.
28
???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????
????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????
??????? ??? ???????
????????/??????????????
?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????????
???? ????????????? ????. ???? ????????? ? ????
????? ?? ????????? 60 ???????? ? ?????? ?
???????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????????.
?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????
????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????, ?
??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?
????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????,
???????????? ??????, ?????????? ????, ???????????
? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ??
????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? x,
?????????? ????? v ? z?
???????? ? ??????
?????????? ?????
29
Reasoning Capability Problem Solving
Strategies Mathematical Content Linear
Algebra Question Type Numeric/Algebraic
Response
Correct Answer
30
???????????? ??????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
? ??????? ??? ???????
????????/??????????????
?????????? ??????? ??????????? S ? ?????????
???????? ? ??????? ?????? t ??? ????? ??????????
????????????? ?? ??????? S Aeb/t ??? t gt
0 ??? A ? b ?????????? ????????. ??????
?????????????, ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? 30
????????? ??????????? ?????, ?? ???? lim S 30.

t ? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ????
??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 6 ?????????
???????????, ?????? ????? ???????? A ? b? ?????
????? ? ????????? ?? 0,01. A B
???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????
?????. ??????????? ??????? Back Space, ???
???????? ???????? ??????.
31
???????????? ??????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
? ??????? ??? ???????
????????/??????????????
?????????? ?????
32
???????????? ??????????? ??????????
???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????
(?????? ?????) ??? ???????
??????????
???????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ???????? ??
?????.
33
???????????? ??????????? ??????????
???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????
(?????? ?????) ??? ???????
??????????
? ????????? ???????????? a ? b - ?????
?????. ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ?? ?
????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ??????????????
??????????? ???? ????????. ? b ??????
????? ??????????? ? a - b ??????
????? ? ab a - ?????? ????? ????
?????
.
a - b ?????? ?????
ab a - ?????? ?????
?????????? ?????
34
Reasoning Capability Logical Reasoning Mathemat
ical Content Arithmetic (Number
Theory) Question Type Selection Response
Correct Answer
35
???????????? ??????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
??? ??????? ??????????
??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???
??????????? n, ????????? P, ??????? V ?
?????????? ???????????? T ??????????
?????????? PV nRT ??? R ???????? ?????????????
?????????? ??????. ???????????, ??? ?????????? n
???????? ??????????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????
?????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????????
???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????.
36
???????????? ??????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
??? ??????? ??????????
???????????? ??????????? ??????????????
????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????
??? ??????? ??????????
??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???
??????????? n, ????????? P, ??????? V ?
?????????? ???????????? T ??????????
?????????? PV nRT ??? R ???????? ?????????????
?????????? ??????. ???????????, ??? ?????????? n
???????? ??????????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????
?????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????????
?????????? ?????
37
Reasoning Capability Mathematical
Modeling Mathematical Content Algebra Question
Type Selection Response
Correct Answer
38
???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????
?????????????? ?????????? ??????????
?????????? (?????? ????????) ???
??????? ??????????
??? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ??
????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????,
?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????, ??? ? ???? ??
?????????? ??????????. ???? 70 ????????? ?????
?????????? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????
??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????
?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????
??????????, ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????.
39
???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????
?????????????? ?????????? ??????????
?????????? (?????? ????????) ???
??????? ??????????
??? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ??
????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????,
?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????, ??? ? ???? ??
?????????? ??????????. ???? 70 ????????? ?????
?????????? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????
??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????
?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????
??????????, ????? ???????? ?? ???????
?????????? ?????
40
Reasoning Capability Logical Reasoning Mathemat
ical Content Discrete Mathematics (Set
Theory) Question Type Selection Response
Correct Answer
41
???? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????
  • ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ????????
    ????????? ??????
  • ????? ????????????? ????
  • ?????? ?? ??????????
  • ????????????.

42
Score Report Sketch
  • The score report would consist of
  • Overall scaled score
  • Evaluations by category
  • Verbal recommendations

43
???? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? (???????????)
????? ????????????? ???? 710
???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??
????????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????????
???????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????
?? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????
?????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????,
??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????.
???? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ?
????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ?
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????????
??????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
??????????????? ????????, ? ????? ??????????????
? ??????? ??????????????? ?????.
44
Score Report Sketch (continued)
Overall Scaled Score 710
Performance Level
Mathematical Reasoning Category
Minimal
Moderate
Advanced
Problem Solving Strategies
Logical Reasoning
Mathematical Modeling
Patterns and Similarities
Estimation and Approximation
Your performance in each of problem solving
strategies, logical reasoning, and mathematical
modeling was at an advanced level, so you should
continue to challenge yourself with problems and
projects that require these reasoning
capabilities. Your performance in estimation and
approximation is at a minimal level, so you
should study skills and techniques required for
this kind of mathematical reasoning and practice
related problems.
45
???? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? (???????????)
???? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????
????????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????????, ??
??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????
??????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ??????????
??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????
?????????? ? ???????????????? ? ??????? ????? ??
??????????.
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