Phylum Chordata

1
Phylum Chordata
2
Animals in the Phylum Chordata share four
characteristics

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord homologous to your
  spinal cord
• Notochord long supportive rod that runs through
  the body just below the nerve cord- is homologous
  to your backbone
• Pharyngeal pouches/slits paired structures
  found around the throat region (can become gills,
  yours closes up in utero)
• Postanal tail tail that extends beyond the anus

3
Basic Chordate structure
4
Chordates

• These characteristics are present sometime during
  life. Most chordates are vertebrates, but a few
  are not.
• The two groups of invertebrate chordates still
  share the four other characteristics that
  identify them as chordates.
• They are the link between vertebrates and
  invertebrates.

5
Tunicates- label the parts

• Urochordata (tunicates) are mostly sessile, but
  some free floating

6
Lancelets- label the parts

• Cephalochordata( lancelets) dig into sand with
  anterior end sticking out

7
Vertebrates animals that have a true backbone

• Fish!
• Amphibians!
• Reptiles!
• Birds!
• Mammals!

Bush baby
Greater Siren
lionfish
Texas Banded Gecko
Okapi
Manta ray
Asian leaf toad
Snake neck turtle
8
Fish

• Fish aquatic animal that has paired fins,
  scales, and gills (from the pharyngeal slits).
• Metabolism heterothermic, meaning their body
  temperature varies ectothermic, meaning that
  their body temperatures are regulated by their
  surroundings
• Movement carried out by fins and trunk
  musculature movements.

9
Fish

• Respiration gills are made up of feathery,
  threadlike structures with a network of fine
  capillaries that provides a large surface area
  for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  Water flows over the gills and gas exchange
  occurs here.
• Circulation closed circulatory system, meaning
  the blood is contained in vessels , single loop
  system (heart to gills to body)

10
Fish

• Nervous System highly developed senses and have
  an extra sense called the lateral line system
  that helps them detect gentle currents in the
  water.

11
Fish

• Reproduction some have internal fertilization,
  some external some egg birth, some live birth,
  very little to no parental care

The eel uses its strong trunk musculature to swim
12
Fish classification
Lamprey

• Groups There are 3 classes of fishes
• Agnathans no jaw jawless fish (ex lampreys,
  hagfish)

Shark
Carp
13
Fish classification
Lamprey

• Groups There are 3 classes of fishes
• Agnathans no jaw jawless fish (ex lampreys,
  hagfish)
• Chondrichtheyes cartilaginous fish (ex sharks,
  skates, rays)

Shark
Carp
14
Fish classification
Lamprey

• Groups There are 3 classes of fishes
• Agnathans no jaw jawless fish (ex lampreys,
  hagfish)
• Chondrichtheyes cartilaginous fish (ex sharks,
  skates, rays)
• Osteichthyes bony fish (ex salmon, flounder,
  carp)

Shark
Carp
15
Amphibian

• Amphibians double life lives in water as a
  larva and on land as an adult (mostly), lack
  scales and claws.
• Earliest amphibians evolved several adaptations
  that helped them live at least part of their
  lives out of the water.
• Link to life on land.

16
Amphibian

• Metabolism heterothermic, ectothermic
• Movement Bones supporting the appendicular
  skeleton of amphibians became stronger
  permitting more efficient movement. Splayed
  posture of limbs.

17
Amphibian

• Respiration some retain gills, most breath with
  lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains
  mucus glands, and can also have gas exchange
  across it. Skin is VERY sensitive to pollution

Some salamander species retain external gills
Leopard Frog with extra legs
18
Amphibian

• Circulation closed circulation with 3 chambered
  heart with double loop circulation (heart to
  lungs back to heart, then out to body), mixing of
  oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the
  ventricles.

19
Amphibian

• Nervous System Like fishes, amphibians have
  well-developed nervous and sensory systems.
• Reproduction most are externally fertilized
  except some salamanders lay hundreds of eggs,
  little parental care

20
Amphibian Classification

• Groups
• Anura 4 legs, jumping limbs, aquatic or land
  dwelling (ex frogs, toads)

Green Tree Frog
Tiger salamander
Caecilian
21
Amphibian Classification

• Groups
• Anura 4 legs, jumping limbs, aquatic or land
  dwelling (ex frogs, toads)
• Caudata 2-4 legs, long tail, can have external
  gills (ex newts and salamanders)

Green Tree Frog
Tiger salamander
Caecilian
22
Amphibian Classification

• Groups
• Anura 4 legs, jumping limbs, aquatic or land
  dwelling (ex frogs, toads)
• Caudata 2-4 legs, long tail, can have external
  gills (ex newts and salamanders)
• Apoda legless worm-like amphibians, burrowers
  (ex Caecilians)

Green Tree Frog
Tiger salamander
Caecilian
23
Reptiles

• Reptiles (Class Reptilia) Has dry scaly skin
  that sheds and terrestrial eggs with several
  membranes.

Anole
Diamondback rattlesnake
Sea turtle
24
Reptiles

• Metabolism heterothermic and ectothermic, many
  of them bask in the sun to warm up
• Movement splayed posture with more leg
  musculature, some have no legs with very advanced
  trunk musculature (SNAKES!)
• Respiration/Circulation Well developed lungs, a
  double-loop circulatory system with a
  three-chambered heart (with partial septum in the
  ventricle) OR four-chambered heart.
• Nervous System well developed senses, enlarged
  cerebrum and cerebellum as compared to
  amphibians. Snakes smell through an organ on the
  roof of their mouth ?

25

• Reproduction internal fertilization, shelled
  terrestrial eggs called amniotic eggs that enable
  reptiles to live their entire lives out of water.
  Some have very little parental care.

26
Reptilian classification
Gavial

• Groups
• Crocodilians alligators and crocodiles and
  gavials
• Testudines reptiles with fused skeletons to the
  shell (ex turtles and tortoises)
• Serpentes legless, advanced trunk musculature
  makes them extremely successful (found everywhere
  except New Zealand and Antarctica) ex snakes
• Lacertilia lizards

Red-eared Slider
Coachwhip
Gila Monster
27
Reptilian classification

• Sphenodontia tuataras, lizard-like reptile found
  only in New Zealand
• Amphisbaenia- legless, wormlike reptiles (grave
  digger worms)

28
Birds

• Birds (Class Aves) Reptile-like animals that
  maintain a constant internal body temperature.
  They have an outer covering of feathers, two legs
  that are covered with scales and are used for
  walking or perching, and front limbs modified
  into wings.

Puffins
Cassowary
29
Birds

• Metabolism homeothermic, meaning their body
  temperature remains constant endothermic
  meaning that they generate body heat internally
• Movement have a number of adaptations that
  enable them to fly such as aerodynamic feathers
  and wings, strong lightweight bones, and strong
  chest muscles. Some do NOT fly, like ostriches
  and kiwis.

30
Birds

• Nervous system The cerebrum, which controls such
  behaviors as flying, nest building, care of
  young, courtship, and mating, is quite large. The
  cerebellum is also well developed, as you might
  expect in an animal that uses precise,
  coordinated movements.
• Reproduction internal fertilization, lay
  amniotic eggs and incubate them, lots of parental
  care

31
Birds

• Respiration/Circulation Four-chambered heart.
  When a bird inhales, most air first enters large
  air sacs and then it flows through the lungs. Air
  travels through the lungs in a series of small
  tubes. These tubes are lined with specialized
  tissue, where gas exchange takes place. It is a
  highly advanced two cycle breath.

32
Birds

• Groups too diverse to list, but examples
  include pelicans, penguins, ducks, owls, ratites
  (flightless birds like ostriches), grackles,
  parrots, etc.

33
Mammals

• Mammals (Class Mammalia) animals that have
  hair, the ability to nourish their young with
  milk produced by mammary glands (modified
  sebaceous glands)

34
Mammals

• Metabolism homeothermic and endothermic
• Movement four legs or two legs with legs
  beneath the girdles, not splayed
• Respiration/Circulation lungs and 4-chambered
  heart
• Reproduction lots of parental care, mammals
  divided into three groups based on birth canal
  structure and development

35
Mammalian Classification

• Monotremata lay eggs, have a single opening for
  birth canal, solid waste, and liquid wastes (ex
  Platypus, echidna)

Duck- billed Platypus
Echidna
36
Mammalian Classification
Monito del Monte

• Metatheria (Marsupials) bear live young but at a
  very early stage in development and young finish
  development attached to a nipple only 50 of
  them have the trademark pouch, some open
  anteriorly and some open posteriorly have a
  separate opening for solid waste from birth canal
  and liquid waste (ex kangaroos, possums,
  opposums, koala, wallaby)

Virginia Oppossums Koala
Pretty faced Wallaby
37
Mammalian Classification

• Eutheria (Placental) nutrients, oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, and wastes are exchanged efficiently
  between embryo and mother through the placenta,
  live birth fully developed, have three separate
  openings

38
Mammalian Orders

• Rodentia- ever growing incisors (front two
  teeth), most diverse group ex beavers,
  porcupines, squirrels, mice, groundhogs,
  capybara, etc.
• Chiroptera- bats there are macrochiroptera like
  flying foxes, and microchiroptera like the ones
  found in the Americas

39
Mammalian Orders

• Perissodactyla- odd toed hoofed animals tapirs,
  rhinos, horses, zebras
• Artiodactyla- even-toed hoofed animals goat,
  sheep, camels, deer

40
Mammalian Orders

• Proboscidian- elongated nose is trunk- elephants
• Carnivora- defined by their teeth, examples
  include dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, skunks,
  seals, walruses
• Lagomorpha- two pairs of incisors- rabbits,
  hares, pikas

41
Mammalian Orders

• Cetacea- whales and dolphins
• Sirenia- manatees and dugongs

42
Mammalian Orders

• Primates- highly developed brains, opposable
  thumbs lemurs, apes, gorillas, humans, aye ayes

43
Mammalian Orders

• Others including scaly anteaters, shrews,
  insectivores, anteaters, armadillos, sloths,

44
Animal Behavior

• When an animal responds to a stimulus (a
  detectable signal), the body systems (usually
  sense organs, nervous systems, and muscles)
  interact to produce the resulting behavior.

45
Animal Behavior

• There are 2 types
• Innate behaviors that appear in fully
  functional form the first time they are
  preformed, even though the animal may have not
  had previous experience with the stimuli to which
  it respond. Example a spider weaving a web,
  suckling of a baby to the nipple
• Learned behaviors that are a result from
  watching or doing that develop over time.
  Example training you dog to sit on command.

46
Animal Behavior

• There are 2 types
• Innate behaviors that appear in fully
  functional form the first time they are
  preformed, even though the animal may have not
  had previous experience with the stimuli to which
  it respond. Example a spider weaving a web,
  suckling of a baby to the nipple

47
Animal Behavior

• Learned behaviors that are a result from
  watching or doing that develop over time.
  Example training you dog to sit on command.

48
Learned Behaviors

• Classical conditioning an animal learns to
  respond to a stimulus not normally associated
  with that reward or punishment. (Pavlovs dogs)

49
Learned Behaviors

• Operant conditioning an animal learns by trial
  and error to obtain a reward or avoid a
  punishment (Skinners box)

50
Learned Behaviors

• Insight learning an animal applies knowledge to
  a new situation without trial and error, common
  in primates (solving problems)

51
Patterns of Behavior

• Migration movement of animals from one place to
  another seasonally birds, butterflies

52
Patterns of Behavior

• Circadian rhythms sleep/ wake cycles detected by
  light some are nocturnal (awake at night),
  diurnal (active at dawn and dusk), or day
  awake/sleep at night

53
Patterns of Behavior

• Courtship a, sound, dance or act done to
  attract a mate birds songs, flapping their
  wings, frog calls, push ups by anoles (lizards)

Bird of paradise displaying courtship
54
Patterns of Behavior

• Social behaviors cleaning others (monkeys
  cleaning) or staying together in herds to eat as
  protection (zebras), hunting together

Wildebeest herd- safety in numbers
55
Patterns of Behavior

• Competition and aggression defending territory,
  fighting for a mate or food

56
Patterns of Behavior

• Communication visual, sound, touch, or chemical
  signals to communicate with one another (ex
  meerkats standing guard to save each other)

Meerkat will make noise when danger is near
Vocal sac of male frogs makes the calls