The Little Tudors 1547-1558

1
The Little Tudors1547-1558
Edward VI
Mary I
2
Between 1547 and 1558, England saw the growth of

• Protestantism
• Capitalism
• Overseas expansion
• Hostility to Spain

3
Catholicism v. Protestantism
1. Protestant exiles 2. Abolition of
chantries 3. First and Second Books of Common
Prayer 4. Marian martyrs 5. Identification of
Catholicism with Spain
All reasons for Englands acceptance of the
Protestant faith.
4
The will of Henry VIII had left the crown to his
son Edward, then to his daughter Mary, and then
to his daughter Elizabeth.
5
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and Protector
(and uncle) of King Edward VI

• Idealistic
• Impractical

6

• Edward Seymour proposed a marriage between Mary,
  Queen of Scots, and young King Edward VI.
• When the Scots refused, the Protector sanctioned
  an invasion of Scotland--but England had neither
  the troops nor the funds to occupy and subdue the
  Scots.
• Mary escaped and fled to France, where she
  married the heir to the French throne (a fellow
  Catholic).

Mary Queen of Scots
7
Edward Seymour fostered the introduction of
Protestantism by 1. Allowing the free
circulation of Protestant ideas. 2. Confiscating
the chantries. 3. Allowing the introduction of
the first Book of Common Prayer.
8
Repeal of the laws against heresy meant that
Protestant reformers brought the more extreme
Protestant ideas from the Continent into
Britain. Instead of decreasing religious
disagreements, repeal of the heresy laws
increased religious arguments.
Swiss theologian Ulrich Zwingli
9
A chantry was an endowment given to a cathedral,
a university, a hospital, or a monastery that
provided an income to support priests who would
say masses for the soul of the deceased donor.
A chantry in Winchester Cathedral
10
The Chantry Act of 1547 dissolved 2374 chantries,
affecting 90 colleges, 110 hospitals and
almshouses, and all the religious guilds The
result was to lessen the role of the Church in
society--private citizens refounded the schools,
towns took over the hospitals and almshouses, and
the religious guilds, which had promoted the
veneration of saints, disappeared.
11

• Kept old rites of confession and extreme unction
  for the dying.
• Priests still wore traditional vestements
• altar still railed off at the east end of the
  church.
• But, participation by the congregation increased,
  supporting the Protestant doctrine of the
  priesthood of all believers.
• And the Prayer Book took a Protestant view of the
  sacrament of the mass.

The Book of Common Prayer, 1548, by Thomas Cranmer
12
All clergymen were required to use the new Book
of Common Prayer.
An Act of Uniformity, 1549
13
Between 1547-51, the English economy faced both
unemployment and inflation. Rents tripled and
enclosures increased.
14

• The Commonwealth Party expressed sympathy for
  the poor.
• Led by Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and
  Bishop Hugh Latimer
• denounced enclosures and human greed.

15
Kets Rebellion, July 1549--an economic challenge
to the Tudor monarchy

• Demanded an end to enclosure of common lands, a
  reduction in rents, cuts in clerical incomes, and
  a clergyman in every parish.

16
Vs.
The Evil Duke (John Dudley, Duke of
Northumberland)
The Good Duke (Edward Seymour)
Kets Rebellion was the excuse Northumberland
needed to dispose of Edward Seymour and the
Commonwealth Party.
17
Capitalism grew in trade as well as in
agriculture.
Wool and woolen cloth were 4/5 of all English
exports. Most of this cloth was sent to Antwerp,
where it was finished and dyed and reshipped to
the German market.
18
To raise funds, the new protector, John Dudley,
authorized the debasement of the
coinage. Debasement meant that the amount of gold
or silver in each coin was decreased. Although at
first, the resulting inflation meant lower prices
for English wool, ultimately debasement hurt
English trade.
19
Poor harvest, the plague, and overproduction
increased the merchants problems. The solution
was to escape dependence on a single market.
20
1551-54 a group of London merchants led first by
Thomas Wyndham and then by John Lok explored the
coast of Africa. They brought back gold, ivory
tusks, and slaves. Their voyages made an enormous
profit, and Lok became the first English slave
trader.
21
Richard Chancellor and Hugh Willoughby sailed
along the northern Russian coast. Their voyages
opened trade with the Czars of Russia who sent
furs and timber to England in return for English
wool.
22

• Scheming
• Ruthless
• Politically astute
• Master of intrigue

John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland
23

• Edward VI
• Precocious
• Pious
• Haughty
• Arrogant

24
Cranmers second Book of Common Prayer included
the wording, Take and eat this in remembrance
that Christ died for thee.
25

• Thomas Cranmers Forty-Two Articles provided a
  creed for the new Protestant Church of England.
• It was Lutheran in its emphasis on justification
  by faith alone,
• And Calvinist in its assertion of
  predestination--the doctrine that God has decreed
  whom of humanity should be saved and whom should
  be eternally damned!

26
On his death (at age 15) Edward renounced his
fathers will and decreed that the crown should
pass to his cousin, Lady Jane Grey. Four days
after Edwards death on July 6, 1553, the Council
proclaimed Lady Jane Queen of England.
27
When London rallied to Mary, the plot to deprive
her of her throne failed.
Mary I, eldest daughter of Henry VIII
28
History has labeled her Bloody Mary, but Mary
Tudor was intelligent, courageous, gentle, and
merciful. But she was determined to return
England to the Catholic fold and to bear a child
that would continue to lead England in her faith.
29
Advised by Cardinal Pole, Mary insisted that
Parliament repeal all its religious
legislation. Parliament refused until Cardinal
Pole agreed not to seek the restoration of Church
lands.
Reginald de la Pole, Cardinal of the Catholic
Church
30
Rooting out Protestants by statute was not
enough on February 4, 1555, the first translator
of the Bible, John Rogers, was burned at the
stake. He was the first of 287 Protestant martyrs.
31
Most victims were not clergy--most were laborers,
artisans, and shopkeepers. 50 of the 287 martyrs
were women, mostly poor widows.
Execution of Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops
Latimer and Ridley in Oxford.
32
At the burning of John Rogers, the imperial
ambassador reported Some of the onlookers wept,
others prayed to God to give them strength,
perseverance and patience to bear pain and not to
recant, other gathered the ashes and bones and
wrapped them in paper to preserve them, yet
others threatened the bishops.
33
John Foxes Book of Martyrs became the most
widely read book in England for the next 100
years.
34
Marys insistence on marrying her cousin Philip
of Spain lost her the support of her subjects.
Philip II of Spain
35
One price that Mary paid for her marriage was the
head of Lady Jane Grey and her young husband,
Guilford Dudley.
36
Wyatt led a rebellion of Kentish gentlemen
against the Spanish marriage. Princess Elizabeth
was accused of complicity in Wyatts plot, and
her knowledge of it is still debated. Her head
was saved by Philip, who warned Mary not to
execute her sister without strong evidence of her
guilt--evidence which Mary did not have.
Sir Thomas Wyatt
37
Philip spent less than one year in England with
Mary--he brought her no love, no child, and no
support.
38
Philip did, however, bring England a war with
France that lost the last French territory in
English hands--the port of Calais on the English
Channel.
39
Mary died on November 17, 1558. Marys tragedy
lay in the fact that her heart was Spanish and
Catholic, whereas the hearts of her subjects were
English and Protestant.
40
Marys successor was her half-sister, Elizabeth,
daughter of Anne Boleyn.