Evolution

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Evolution
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• Go to Natural selection
• Go to Relatedness
• Go to Plant and animal adaptations
• Go to Time scales and fossils

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The common purple snail (Janthina janthina) feeds
on jellyfish. This snail spends its entire life
floating upside down in the open ocean, suspended
just below the surface by a raft of air bubbles.
The shell has a distinctive two-tone violet
color. The base, which is directed toward the
surface, is deep violet in color. The top, which
is directed downward, is a lighter shade of
purple. Viewed from above the waters surface,
the shell blends in with the dark blue of the
deep sea. Viewed from below, the shell is
difficult to see against a light-blue sky.
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• Natural selection has most likely favored the
  shell color of the common purple snail as a
  response to
• A predation
• B competition
• C average water temperature
• D jellyfish population density

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Which of these conclusions can be made based on
the graphs shown above? A Larger mosquitoes have
migrated into the area. B Smaller mosquitoes are
being eaten by larger mosquitoes. C A mosquito
length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this
environment. D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3
cm have the longest life span.
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In 10 years time, the 2 cm mosquitoes were
naturally selected out of the population.
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• Since the 1940s, chemical insecticides have been
  used to control insects in an effort to limit
  crop damage and the spread of insect-carried
  diseases. Chemical control efforts fail, however,
  when insect pests become resistant to
  insecticides. The increase in the number of
  insecticide-resistant insect species is mainly a
  result of
• A natural selection
• B learned behavior
• C geographic isolation
• D asexual reproduction

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• A plant has a change in its DNA that makes it
  more resistant to a species of harmful bacteria.
  What
• will most likely happen as a result of this
  mutation?
• A The plant will not survive long enough to
  reproduce.
• B The species of harmful bacteria will become
  extinct.
• C Over time the number of resistant plants will
  increase.
• D Over time the number of harmful bacteria will
  increase.

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• Which best explains why natural selection might
  favor carnivores whose muscle cells could use
  lactic-acid fermentation as well as cellular
  respiration?
• A On high mountains where oxygen levels are
• low, the carnivores could use carbon dioxide
• as an energy source.
• B During winter months when prey is difficult
• to find, the carnivores could produce their
• own food from their muscle cells.
• C The carnivores could obtain energy faster
• during a high-stress situation, such as
• fighting off a predators attack.
• D The carnivores could continue to chase prey
• even if their breathing rate could not keep
• pace with their muscles demand for oxygen.

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The maps below show the geographic ranges of four
species of the order Lagomorpha, which includes
rabbits and hares. In which range would
developing white fur in winter most likely not be
an advantage for a member of this order?
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Theres never any snow here.
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The table shows a comparison of some amino acids
found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the
table that are most closely related are A Q and
T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S
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Rows 1,2,3 are the same. Eliminate Organism
T Count differences between Q and R
Q and S
R and S
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R and S Differences of 9
Q R Differences in 3
Q and S Differences in 6
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The table shows a comparison of some amino acids
found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the
table that are most closely related are A Q and
T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S
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These rows are the same.
Difference of 7
Most different
Difference of 4
The table shows an amino acid comparison of
cytochrome c, a protein involved in cellular
respiration in aerobic organisms. The two
organisms in the table that are least genetically
related are the A silkworm moth and the fruit
fly B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly C fruit
fly and the screwworm fly D fruit fly and the
hornworm moth
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• Which statement about the evolutionary history of
  jawed fishes is supported by the diagram?
• A Jawless fishes became extinct after jawed
  fishes evolved.
• B The first amphibians were direct descendants of
  lungfish.
• C Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes have a common
  ancestor.
• D Sturgeon are more closely related to sharks
  than to coelacanths.

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This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that
produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold.
Neurospora is easily grown on a simple jelly-like
medium. Different substances can be added to the
medium. A mutant Neurospora lacking Enzyme Y
would have to have which of these added to its
medium in order to survive? A Enzyme X B
Ornithine C Enzyme Z D Citrulline
No Enzyme Y means no naturally made
Citrulline. Therefore, Citrulline might have to
be supplemented.
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• The diagram above shows the biochemical pathway
  that produces arginine, an amino acid required by
  an organism called Neurospora. The table shows
  the response of a mutant strain of Neurospora to
  supplements in its food supply. This mutant
  strain must lack the enzyme that acts on
• F the precursor
• G ornithine
• H citrulline
• J arginine

If ornithine does not produce growth, then maybe
the Mutant Neurospora has a changed Enzyme Y
and cant process the ornithine.
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• In comparisons of the evolutionary relationships
  between four species of birds, which of the
  following would be most useful?
• A. color of feathers.
• B. gene sequences.
• C. nesting behaviors.
• D. patterns of migration.

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Because of this animals adaptations, it would be
most successful at F competing with birds G
making its own food H hiding from predators J
running very rapidly
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It seems camouflaged.
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The diagram shows a cross section of a leaf from
a plant that most likely A grows in the
desert B floats on a pond C lives under trees D
climbs up walls
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• Which of these structures protects a leaf from
  drying out?
• F Q
• G R
• H S
• J T

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• Which of the following leaf types is most likely
  to help a plant survive in an arid habitat?

The drier and hotter the air, the smaller the
leaves.
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Which seed type will most likely be carried by
the wind?
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This seed is best dispersed by A water B
birds C wind D insects
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Windborne seeds are lightweight and
blade-like. Water dispersed seeds float. Animal
dispersed seeds either taste good or attach to
fur.
Maple flowers on a maple tree make seeds.
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Which of the following characteristics could help
short plants survive in areas with limited
sunlight? F Broad leaf surfaces G Brightly
colored flowers H Thick stems J Shallow roots
Rule Arid, sunny leaves small and waxy Wet,
shady leaves broad and thin
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Which of these characteristics might help a plant
species survive in an area with limited
sunlight? F Bright flowers G Large leaves H Short
stems J Thick cuticles
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Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which
includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a
gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some
animals. This substance is part of the
Toxicodendron species F defense mechanisms G
nutritional processes H support system J clinging
ability
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Since plants cant run away from their
predators, their thorns, odor, and toxic
chemicals are their only strategy for defense.
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• An oleander is a type of evergreen shrub. The
  tissues of oleanders contain chemicals that are
  poisonous to many mammals, including humans,
  horses, cattle, and sheep.
• The production of poisonous chemicals most likely
  benefits oleanders by deterring or even killing
  many types of
• A bacteria
• B herbivores
• C pollinators
• D scavengers

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• The diagram illustrates how some characteristics
  of the horse have changed over time. Along with
  the difference in size, what is another
  anatomical difference between the modern horse
  and its ancestors?
• F The structure of the tooth has been adapted for
  eating meat.
• G The size of the molars has decreased.
• H The length of the forefoot has decreased.
• J The number of toes has decreased.

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• The illustration in the box shows the bones in
  the hind foot of a modern horse. The other
  illustrations show the bones in the hind feet of
  three extinct species. Each of these extinct
  species is an ancestor of the modern horse. (The
  illustrations have been scaled so that all of the
  species seem to be the same size.)
• Which lists the extinct species in order from
  most closely related to the modern horse to most
  distantly related to the modern horse?

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A 1, 3, 2 B 2, 1, 3 C 2, 3, 1 D 3, 2, 1
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According to the graph, what is the approximate
half-life of carbon-14? A 5.7 years C
23,000 years B 5,700 years D 1,000,000 years
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100
½ of 100
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• The graph shows the amount of carbon-14 in tissue
  over time. According to the graph, if a bone
  contains 1/8 the amount of carbon-14 that it did
  originally, its approximate age is
• F 5,700 years
• G 11,400 years
• H 17,100 years
• J 22,800 years

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Then a body of water.
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Forest- 1st
During a severe drought a dry lake was explored
for fossils. The diagram represents the
fossils uncovered and the layers they were in.
According to this information, this area was once
a A forest that was replaced by a freshwater
lake B freshwater lake that was replaced by a
desert C saltwater sea that was replaced by a
forest D freshwater lake that was replaced by a
forest
These 3 falsely say that the area was water
before land.
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Bacteria and Viruses
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• Go to Bacteria
• Go to Viruses

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• Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments,
  such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and
  carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of
  bacterias
• F biochemical diversity
• G small sizes
• H round shapes
• J methods of movement

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Diversity means differences.
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Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with F
growth G defense H digestion J respiration
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Which organism lives in the human intestine and
aids in the digestive process? A The bacterium
Escherichia
coli B The fungus Trichophyton
rubrum C The
protozoan Entamoeba coli D The algae Fucus
vesiculosus
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Most strains of E.coli are mutualistic in human
intestines.
Most human mutualistic fungi are on the skin.
Protists are generally parasitic inside humans.
Algae need the sunno sun in human stomachs.
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• One characteristic shared by a virus and a living
  cell is that both
• F store genetic information in nucleic acids
• G have a crystalline structure
• H gain energy directly from the sun
• J use glucose for respiration

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Some antibiotics cause patients to
exhibit digestive side effects. These side
effects are most often the result of F bacteria
being killed in the digestive tract G the
antibiotics being converted into stomach
acids H too much water being drawn into the
digestive tract J the stomach wall being torn
If you lose your intestinal bacteria friends,
you dont feel too good.
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• A person who is taking antibiotics benefits from
  eating yogurt that contains live and active
  bacterial cultures because the bacteria in yogurt
  
• A release enzymes that prevent the reproduction
  of viruses
• B may aid antibiotics by eating harmful bacteria
  in the human digestive tract
• C may restore the normal community of bacteria
  living in the human digestive tract
• D are a major source of dietary fiber, which
  helps provide the energy needed to fight an
  infection

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All of the following symptoms are likely
associated with bacterial infection except F
skin rashes or lesions G elevated body
temperature H swollen glands or tissues J
increased red blood cell count
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All 3 of these things can happen when you are
fighting a bacterial infection.
You build more white blood cells in response to
infections, NOT red blood cells.
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Which of the following factors helps spread
disease-causing bacteria? F Low temperatures G
Access to new hosts H Mutation by heat energy J
Availability of light
Parasites need a method of traveling from one
host to another to continue their species.
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• Plants and animals are dependent on some bacteria
  because these bacteria
• A help recycle simple nutrients to the soil
• B get energy from fermentation rather than
  respiration
• C are able to make their own food by using energy
  from sunlight
• D are engineered to remove hazardous wastes from
  the environment

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• Tuberculosis, or TB, is a contagious bacterial
  disease that usually occurs as an infection of
  the lungs. The symptoms of this disease include
  persistent coughing, fever, fatigue, night
  sweats, and unexplained weight loss. TB can be
  treated with antibiotics. Tuberculosis is most
  likely transmitted
• A by mosquito bites
• B by blood transfusions
• C through the air
• D through water

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Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses
F cause insect-borne diseases G can be
destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell
walls J must be reproduced in living
cells
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Both can be carried by insects.
Viruses canNOT be killed by antibiotics.
Viruses are not cells.
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• Viruses can only replicate
• A Inside a host cell
• B Along a cellular membrane
• C Outside a nucleus
• D Between host cells

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The diagram above represents a virus with its
surface markers. The diagrams below show various
animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the
following cells is most likely affected by this
virus?
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What is the most common threat to a host organism
posed by an invading virus? A Production of viral
fluids in the bloodstream B Fermentation of acids
in the digestive system C Destruction of cells by
viral reproduction D Stimulation of muscle tone
in the heart
                                     
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Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell.
Which of the following are infected by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G
Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood
cells
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