Art of the Americas

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Art of the Americas
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South American Incan Empire
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Incan Empire

• Tahuantinsuyu Land of the Four Quarters
• Incan empire stretched from the Andes mountain
  range in Colombia to Chile and west from coastal
  desert of Atacama to the rainforest region of the
  Amazon
• Said the empire truly began in 1200s by a
  wealthy Cuzco family
• Conquered indigenous peoples and expanded
  territory under one rule
• Spiritual beliefs based upon Mythology
• Abundance of gold
• All wealth accumulated by rulers, buried with
  rulers.successive rulers must accumulate own
  wealth
• Taxes from citizens paid via labor in return for
  clothing, food and other substinence
• Downfall began in 1500s with arrival of Pizzaro
  and his conquistadors
• They brought disease and callously killed in
  order to obtain gold

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Characteristics of Art

• Master architects
• Renowned craftspeople
• Ceramics with geometric patterns in black,
  yellow, red, brown and white
• Complex woven textiles
• Sophisticated metalsmiths copper, silver,
  bronze and of course gold
• Symbolic statuettes

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Architecture Machu Picchu

• Example of sophistication of Inca empire
• Urban center in midst of mountains comprised of
  terraces, palaces, and road systems
• 2430 M above sea level
• Boasts an amazing variety of flora and fauna
• 100 km from capital of Cuzco
• http//whc.unesco.org/en/list/274/gallery/

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Architecture
Inca walls show remarkable craftsmanship. The
blocks have no mortar to hold them together yet
stay tight because of their precise carving and
configuration
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• Architects created urban area that used natural
  materials
• Amazingly, still utilize agricultural/subsistence
  systems developed during Incan empire
• Sustainability practices were commendable

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ceramics
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Metal works
Ornamental Knife (Tumi), 15th16th centuryPeru
InkaTin bronze
Panpiper Vessel, 14th15th centuryPeru
ChimúSilver, malachite
http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1978.41
2.219
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http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1979.20
6.1149
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textiles
http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.10
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• Man's Tunic (Unku), late 15thearly 16th
  centuryPeru InkaCotton, camelid hair

Woman's Dress, 14thearly 16th centuryPeru
ChuquibambaCamelid hair
http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1982.36
5
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Central/MesoAmerica
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Cultural Background

• Covered territorial area from central Mexico
  through Central America
• Linked by cultural similarities
• Sophisticated cultural systems agricultural
  areas with developed capital centers
• Unified through socio-political systems and
  religious system
• Reigning cultural groups Olmec, Zapotec,
  Teotihuacan, Maya, Mixtec, Totonac and Aztec
• Agriculture Maize based
• Two calendar system 260 day ritual calendar and
  365 solar year calendar
• 20 item numeric system
• Pictographic and hieroglyphic systems of writing
• Sacrificial belief systems inanimate, animal,
  auto and human

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Figure of a were-jaguar human being, possibly a
shaman in transformation
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Seated figure of a priest. 10th-6th century BC
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Crawling hollow figure (Olmec baby)
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Characteristics

• Ritual Vessels
• Painted frescoes with vibrant colors
• Sophisticated architecture/Stepped pyramid
  formations
• Stylized, but characteristic of subject
• Symbolic works
• Curvilinear designs
• Illuminated manuscripts on bark
• Ceramic ware embellished with paintingnon
  geometric forms

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Tikal Guatemala independent city state center
part of Mayan culture
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Teotihuacan. Temple of Quetzalcoatl100-700 AD
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Architectural sculpture
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Funerary urns 6th -8th century AD
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Head from Tomb of the Inscriptions 7-8th century
BC
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Illuminated manuscript
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Monte Alban. Tomb 104 interior with ruler's
paintings, ceramic offerings200-1500 AD
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Teotihuacan fresco. Detail of figure carrying
stick gesturing to ball court marker 100-700 AD
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Mayan Pottery
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Ocelotl-Cuauhxicalli, vessel for human
hearts1325-1521 A. D.
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Glyph detail from Palace 200-900 AD
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• http//instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/mesoam
  erican/
• http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period05region
  cac

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Resources

• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/lost-inca-emp
  ire.html
• http//www.wasai.com/images/peru-map.jpg
• http//whc.unesco.org/en/list/274
• http//library.thinkquest.org/5058/incaart.htm
• http//web.archive.org/web/20071225140133/http//e
  xchanges.state.gov/culprop/peru/ceramic/sect4.htm
• http//www.bing.com/images/search?qmapofmesoame
  ricaviewdetailidF17E4F92637207ACE7672984C4F897
  7C206CB993first0FORMIDFRIR
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
• http//instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/mesoam
  erican/
• http//www.essentialhumanities.net/artw13.php

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North American
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Cultural Map

• http//www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/cultmap.html

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• Culture Areas of North America
• American Indians of North America are generally
  divided into culture areas according to
  similarities in geography, environment,
  subsistence patterns, language family, and
  similar social practices. According to the
  Handbook of North American Indians, there are ten
  such cultural areas.3
• Arctic
• Greenland, extreme northern Canada, and the
  northern and western coastlines of Alaska Inuit.
  
• Subarctic
• Most of central Canada and interior Alaska.
• Northeast
• New England, Nova Scotia, the Great Lakes region,
  the Chesapeake Bay area, and most of current day
  W. Virginia, the Ohio River valley, and Illinois
  Hurons, Shawnee, Iroquois.
• Southeast
• N. Carolina excluding the NE corner, western
  Virginia, southern W. Virginia, and all the
  southern states east of the Mississippi River, in
  addition to parts of Arkansas, Louisiana, and
  eastern Texas Cherokee, Creek, Seminole.
• Plains
• the entire Midwest United States from Texas north
  to southern parts of Canada Sioux, Cheyenne.
• Southwest
• Central Mexico north into W. Texas, NM, and AZ
  Navajo, Pueblo, Apache.
• Great Basin
• Nevada, Utah, N. Arizona, W. Colorado, W.
  Wyoming, S. Idaho, SE Oregon, and parts of W.
  California Shoshone, Utes.
• California
• Interior and Coastal California and N. Baja
  Modoc.
• Northwest Coast

http//www.conservapedia.com/North_American_Indian
s
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Arctic

• 5000 miles of arctic coast and tundra
• Subsistence upon sea and land resourcespretty
  much no edible vegetation sources for subsistence
• Boats constructed from wood frames with walrus
  skins (lack of wood resources)
• Kayak builders
• Social systems organized into bands

Dominant tribal organizations Inupiaq and
Yup'ik (Eskimo) in Canada and Greenland, they
are Inupiaq and Kalaalit (Inuit), respectively.
Non-Arctic peoples racially and ethnically
related to the Eskimos are the Aleuts.
http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h994.html
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Art

• Carvings on whale or walrus bones
• Spiritually connected.often depicted malevolent
  presence called Tupilak.if given to said
  presence, belief was that it would dispatch of
  malevolence
• Portable artworks/functional artworks
• Ceremonial artworks

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• http//www.freespiritgallery.ca/eBooks/inuitebook1
  sted.pdf

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SubArctic

• Geographic area from Labrador Sea to almost the
  Bering Sea, most of Canada and Alaska
• Geographic split from Arctic is from tundra to
  Arctic forest

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Culture subsistence

• Subsistence varies from berries, (little to no
  edible vegetation), hunting, and fishing
• Area of extreme climate and environment
• Athapaskan or Algonkian speaking peoples
• Fur traders with Europeans
• Disease introduced by contact with Europeans
  which led to decimation of people via death and
  famine
• Western Families traced descent through a
  matrilineal concept, while Eastern used
  patrilineal and matrilineal and sometimes both
• Social organization was band to region
  band2-12 Family units and region numerous bands
  with 100-500 members
• Religion http//www.cabrillo.edu/crsmith/noamer_
  subarctic.html

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Art

• Bone carvings, beadwork, masks
• Artworks tend to be spiritual, embellished and
  ceremonial
• Used natural resources for materials

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nepcetat mask arctic and subarctic ca 1840 1860
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Resources N America

• http//www.american-indians.net/cultures.htm
• http//www.cabrillo.edu/crsmith/noamer_subarctic.
  html
• http//web.me.com/kbolman/North_America/American_I
  ndian_Art-History_Channel.html
• http//www.bing.com/images/search?qsubArcticind
  ianartFORMBIFDx0y91

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Northwest Native Americans
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Culture subsistence

• Coastal geography is multitude of islands
  bordering and protecting coastal area
• Dense forests of spruce and cedar
• Cedar important for building supports, planks,
  canoes, and totems
• Travel easiest by water, due to dense forest
  undergrowth
• Lots of diversity on wildlife

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Who are they?

• Expanding northward for centuries, the Tlingit
  nation most recently consists of three language
  subdialect regions with 16 component "tribes"
  (which they call qwaan), each with a primary
  village. These are, north to south, the Gulf
  Coast region with Yakutat and Lituya Bay the
  Northern region with Hoonah, Chilcat, Auk, Sitka,
  Hutsnuwu, Taku, and Sawdum and the Southern
  region with Kake, Kuiu, Henya, Klawak, Stikine,
  Tongass, and Sanya. Neighbors to the south were
  the Tsimshian, to the west were the Haida, and to
  the east were Athapaskans (who call themselves
  Dine) of Interior Alaska. Further north were the
  Eyak, remotely related by language ancestry but
  adopting Tlingit speech and culture over past
  centuries.-http//content.lib.washington.edu/aipn
  w/miller1.html

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Matrilineal society.inheritance through mothers
side. Brothers of Mother (Uncles) more
instrumental in teaching sons the way of people
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House

• Worked as not just a physical dwelling, but an
  organizational system
• Each house owned stories, artworks, myths,
  names, designs, songs, etc which were considered
  crests for each house
• Physical house supported by 4 large posts, often
  elaborately carved, with plank sides and low
  sloping roof.
• It is thought that the posts are the precursor to
  Totems

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Totems- What and Who?

• Name comes from Algonkian word dodem to be
  related to someone
• The word totem is derived from the Ojibwe word
  odoodem, "his kinship group
• Tradition of Northwest Native American cultures
  Washington state, British Columbia (Canada), and
  parts of Southern Alaska (Athabaskan tribes)
• Purpose Manifestation of cultural beliefs
• Clan lineage
• Family legends/stories
• Notable events
• Potlatches
• Illustrate stories
• Historic people
• Shamanic powers
• Mortuaries
• Public awareness/shame Murder, debt,

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Potlatches

• Celebrations that distributed wealth among all
  clans
• Food resources, blankets, artwork, household
  needs all given away by host house
• Totems often commissioned for event
• House would give away almost all their wealth,
  but would gain back when they attended another
  house potlatch

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Totems-Who makes them?

• Professional carvers and apprentices
• The master carver handles the part of totem
  viewed up close first 10 feet
• Apprentices often carve the upper portion

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Totemic Imagery

• Thunderbird
• Kolus
• Eagles
• Raven
• Whale
• Siskiutl
• Bear
• Beaver
• Wolf
• Frog
• http//www.support-native-american-art.com/native-
  american-totem-images.html

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Characteristics Thick black outlines Solid,
flat colors Animal imagery Stylized
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Resources

• http//www.support-native-american-art.com/Native-
  American-Totem-Poles.html

http//content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/maps.html

http//www.wildnatureimages.com/S20to20Z/Totem-r
aven..jpg
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California

• Great diversity in geographic terrain and
  resources
• 5 subcategories Northwest, Northeast, Central,
  Great Basin and Southerndifferentiation occurs
  in part due to subsistence strategies
• At time of spanish arrival, approx 310,000 in pop
• Missions run by franciscan monks and armed by
  Spanish soldiers established with a 10 convert
  time line.
• These were religious labor camps that used
  coercion, fear, starvation and disease to
  dominate California tribes
• Those native americans not coerced into the
  missions suffered from the onslaught of non
  native animals and plants overcoming native
  species
• Approximately one third of the native population
  killed by missions
• Eventual revolts led to Mexico revoking missions
• Gold rush in upcoming years decimated tribal
  numbers furtherkilled off 100,00 in just 2
  yearsdeath squads and miners indiscriminately
  killing

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Culture subsistence

• Acorns large part of diet as well as fish, game,
  berries
• Wood frame houses with plank sides
• http//hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu/outreach/pdfs/tea
  ching_kit.pdf

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Characteristics of Art

• Basketry
• Painted gourds musical instruments and more
• Some clay works
• Beadwork

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Design patterns geometric and symbolic
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Hupa Basket HatWillow, pine root, bear
grass,maidenhair fern, woodwardia
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Resources

• http//www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian.html
• http//www.kumeyaay.info/california_indian_artists
  /
• http//www.nativeland.org/ca_indian_basket.html
• http//www.californiabaskets.com/pages/hupahome.ht
  ml

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Great Basin

• Tribal groups
• Bannock Tribe Chemehuevi Tribe Kawaiisu Tribe
  Mono Tribe Paiute Tribe Panamint Tribe
  Shoshone Tribe Washoe Tribe Ute Tribe

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Culture subsistence

• Diverse subsistence strategies hunting for
  mostly small game as well as small amounts of
  farming. Desert to river valley environments
  determine the various subsistence strategies.
• Clothing was minimal and in winter, rabbit capes
  woven for warmth and blanket
• Housing consisted of huts created from branch
  frames and woven grass mats. Stones built up
  around bottom of foundation for stability. Where
  timber available, slightly modified version with
  mud added for winter protection
• Travel via foot and sometimes a version of canoe
  in lakes area

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Art works

• Basketry is important art form
• Painted hides tell stories of Native American
  experiences

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Washoe cooking bowl
Cooking BowlDate obtained 1895Arrows point down
hunting game of earthMaiden hair fern and
willow
Made by Poker Johns SquawJan 191730 Days
Construction13 stiches per inchUp and down
hills valleys small streams, signal fires and
menWillow-Redbud-Bracken Fern
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Isabel HansonPhoto from "Panamint Shoshone
Basketry" by Eva Slater
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The images depict traditional Shoshone life,
including teepees, buffalo hunting, and the Sun
Dance. 

• C.1900-1920.  Painting on elk hide, attributed to
  Charles Washakie, son of Chief Washakie.  

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• 1883.  Shoshone painted deerskin.  Painted by
  Jussai, Wind River Reservation, WY.  Painting
  supposedly represents a woman and a horse.

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• C. 1890-1905.  Lemhi Shoshone toy cradleboard.  
  Buckskin, seedbeads, cotton thread.  This
  miniature (about 6" long), was collected from the
  Lemhi Reservation. 

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C. 1870-1890.  Shoshone hide beaded female
doll.  Cotton thread, hair.  A note in the box
suggests that this doll and the other items were
gifts of Chief Washakie to various Indian
agents.  This doll is old enough for this to be
possible.  Note that the beadwork is done in the
geometric patterns found in the early examples of
beading on women's dresses.  Size is 12" tall.
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                                                                                                                                                 C.1890s.  Shoshone dance shield.  Painted canvas drum head with feather drops.  Provenance suggests it was carried in dances. 
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                                                                                                                                                 c.1900-1925.  Idaho Shoshone painted parfleche.  Mineral paints, rawhide, seed faceted bead, dyed porcupine quills, tin cones horsehair drops. 
Parfleche a hide bag used to transport goods
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c.1870-1890.  Bannock parfleche case.  This is
one of the very few parfleches attributed to the
Bannocks in any collection.  Note that the colors
basically echo those used in Shoshone parfleches,
but the long fringe is not found in Shoshone
work. 
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Resources

• http//www.native-languages.org/basin-culture.htm
• http//www4.hmc.edu8001/humanities/basin/gb-matrl
  .htm
• http//www.californiabaskets.com/pages/washohome.h
  tml
• http//www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/ShoshoneA
  rt/index.html

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Plateau
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Culture subsistence

• Hunted deer, small game
• Gathered nuts, fruits and roots
• Salmon dried, cured for food through winter
• Ceremonial practices ranged from developmental
  stages to spiritual guidance in the form of
  vision quests (period of up to 7 days isolation,
  no food/drink until spirit form visited and
  taught powers/abilities/song for assistance
  often hybrid form
• Semi-nomadic due to fishing/hunting seasonal
  cyclespermanent winter village
• Dwellings lodge constructed with tule mats

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Arts

• Coiled basketry with boiled berries/bark/roots
  etc for coloration
• Beaded, decorative figure embellishments
• weaving

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Resources

• http//pio.wsd.wednet.edu/SAMMgrant/NativeAm/life/
  life.htm
• http//www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeameric
  ans/1maps.htm
• http//www.burkemuseum.org/static/baskets/artists/
  plateau.html

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Plains from Mississippi river in east to Rocky
Mountains in west, from Canadian provinces of
Manitoba and Sasketchewan to mid Texas.
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Culture subsistence

• Bison or buffalo 150 uses besides foodvery
  important to culture
• http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/ImageEx
  termination_of_bison_to_1889.png
• There were government initiatives at the federal
  and local level to starve the population of the
  Plains Indians by killing off their main food
  source, the bison. The Government promoted bison
  hunting for various reasons to allow ranchers to
  range their cattle without competition from other
  bovines and to weaken the Indian population and
  pressure them to remain on reservations (Moulton
  and Sanderson 1998).
• Nomadic toward the north and semi-nomadic to the
  south (prairie area)
• Diverse language groups and large territory use
  of PISL (Plains Indians Sign Language)
• Transportation prior to dominance of horse
  culture in 1700s, used dogs to pull belongings
  on travois V-shaped sleds
• Dwellings
• Tipis 4 components set of poles, hide
  cover, lining and door. Easily moved, great
  design for elements
• Earthen lodges wattle and daub technique
  (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_and_daub )

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conflict

• At the end of the Dakota War (6 weeks of
  fighting in Minnesota) 300 tribal men convicted
  of murder and sentenced to deathmost commuted,
  however. December 26, 1862, in Mankato,
  Minnesota, 38 Dakota Sioux men were hanged in
  what is still today the largest mass execution in
  U.S. history (Carley 1961).
• 1864 Sand Creek Massacre http//sandcreekmassac
  re.net/videos/
• 1875 Battle of Little Big Horn led by Crazy
  Horse resulting in Custers death
• 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre Weapon
  collection153 killed mostly women and children
• Black Elk
• "I did not know then how much was ended. When I
  look back now from this high hill of my old age,
  I can still see the butchered women and children
  lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked
  gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes
  young. And I can see that something else died
  there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the
  blizzard. A people's dream died there. It was a
  beautiful dream . . . . the nation's hoop is
  broken and scattered. There is no center any
  longer, and the sacred tree is dead."

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Ghost Dance

• Initially a spiritual dance that embodied peace
• Prompted by shaman Wovoka, Ghost dance took on
  additional role said that dancing the Ghost
  Dance would hasten a prophecy of Sioux regaining
  their lands and cultural way of life
• Said that the ceremonial shirts decorated with
  symbollic imagery would protect against bullets

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Art

• Hide paintings
• Plains Ledger Art evolved from Hide painting
  most likelyused paper source available at
  reservations 1860s-1900, some works till 1930
• Kiowa six artists background in ledger painting
  5 of 6 attended the same missionary run school in
  Oklahoma. Recognized by art professor at
  University of Oklahomastudio space and
  exhibition in Prague international acclaim
• Amazing quill and beadwork

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Characteristics

• Great attention to detail

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A Lakota Ghost Dancing shirt, believed to protect
its wearer from bullets.
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Shunka Ishnala (Lone Dog), Yanktonai. About 1870.
National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution.
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Hides celebrated events and some painted hides
worked as visual calendars with a single visual
representing a year
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Artist Dennis R. Fox Jr.
http//www.americanhistory.si.edu/kids/buffalo/hid
eactivity/key/index.html
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• https//plainsledgerart.org/

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Detail from U.S. Cavalry and Native American
Indiansby Making Medicine (Cheyenne), 17.5 x
33.3 cm.From Book of Sketches made at Fort
Marion, St. Augustine, Fla., ca. 1875-1878.
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Lois Smokey
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Sioux dance ware
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Late 19th century Sioux Quilled Grass Dance
Necklace.  Quilled in red, white and blue in a
box design.  Decorated with mirrors, tin cones
and feathers along the edges
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Resources

• http//www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeameric
  ans/1maps.htm
• http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Plains_I
  ndians
• http//www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/knee.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa_Five
• https//plainsledgerart.org/
• http//www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx
  ?irn280191partyid1133src1-2
• http//www.rivertradingpost.com/quillwork.htm
• http//en.goldenmap.com/Plains_hide_painting

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Southeast
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Southeast Native Americans

• Territorial area from Atlantic Ocean to
  Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico to Ohio River
  Valley (state areas of N Carolina, Tennessee,
  Georgia, Mississippi, S Carolina, Alabama,
  Florida)

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Cultural Background and Subsistence

• Ancestors known as Mound Builders Built
  enormous earthen mounds, up to 10 stories high,
  for ceremonial and burial purposes

Artist's sketch of Owl Creek Site during
construction period by American Indians (1100
A.D. to 1200 A.D.)
Owl Creek Site may have served as a ceremonial
temple or elite residence
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• Farming of tobacco, squash, pumpkins, beans and
  corn
• Gathered acorns, berries, nuts and wild potatoes
• Hunting and fishing Deer provided hides for
  clothing
• Warm, temperate climate allowed for chickees as
  housing structurewood frame, open walls in very
  southern areas with thatched roof. Raised off
  ground to avoid wet and predators. Cooler
  climates/winter wigwams. European contact
  influenced log cabin structures

111

• Matrilineal
• Clan organization
• Governed by a council headed by a chief

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Trail of Tears 1830 Indian Removal Act called
for Native Americans to be relocated to Oklahoma.
4000 died as they walked the whole way through
snow, rain, heat, etc
113

• http//www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID6
  755CategoryID1455

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Art

• Pottery hand building techniques only
• Masks and Rattles
• River cane items such as flutes
• Shell gorgets carved and polished pendants made
  from shell

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Effigy head pot, Nodena Site (Mississippian
culture)
Ceramic underwater panther jug, Rose Mound
(Mississippian culture)
116
Contemporary gorget by Bennie Pokemire (Eastern
Band Cherokee), featuring a Mississippian warrior
with a forked eye motif
Shell gorget from Spiro Mounds, ancestral Caddo
or Wichita
117

• Engraved stone palette, Moundville Site, back
  used for mixing paint (Mississippian culture)

118
Stone effigies, Etowah Site (Mississippian
culture)
Stone effigy pipe, Spiro Mounds
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Resources

• http//nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/southeast/cherok
  ee/arts.html
• http//www.ahsd25.k12.il.us/curriculum/nativeameri
  cans/SE.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_gorget
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of
  _the_Southeastern_Woodlands
• http//www.teachingushistory.org/lessons/pdfs_and_
  docs/documents/LessonPlanSoutheasternNativeAmerica
  nsLifestyles.html http//www.angelfire.com/realm/s
  hades/nativeamericans/1maps.htm

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Northeast
121
northeast

• Territory from New England south to Virginia west
  to great lakes and Ohio valley and into Canada

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Culture

• Forests and rivers provide subsistence strategies
  that include hunting, fishing, trapping and
  horticulture of corn, squash, beans and tobacco
• Abundant wood used for tools, shelter, canoes,
  containers, etc
• Organized from families, microbands, macrobands
  and bands
• Housing structures vary from tipi like structures
  to wigwams (rounded structures with mats or bark)
  or longhouses constructed of wood

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Art

• Metalworking copper into tools, cooking utensils
  and adornments as well as beads
• Basketry birch bark or sweet grass
• Wooden portable sculptures featuring
  animals/people
• Quillwork
• Wampum belts made from purple and white
  shellsused for ceremony, record keeping,
  cultural history, political arrangements.abstract
  , representational designs

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This belt is the national belt of the
Haudenosaunee. It records the five original
nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and
their agreement to live together in peace. The
symbols on the belt symbolize the Haudenosaunee
nations The central symbol is a tree and
represents the Onondaga Nation. It was in the
Onondaga Nation that the Peacemaker planted the
Tree of Peace and it was under that tree where
the leaders of the Five Nations buried their
weapons of war. The Hiawatha Belt forms the
basis of the flag of the Haudenosaunee
Confederacy.
The Great Chain, Covenant, or George Washington
Belt was the belt George Washington had made and
had presented to the Haudenosaunee in 1794 at the
Canandaigua Treaty. The belt is six feet long and
features human figures and a longhouse. Thirteen
human figures symbolize the young and newly
formed United States of America. Two figures and
the house symbolize the Haudenosaunee - the
figures represent the Mohawk (Keepers of the
Eatsern Door) and the Seneca (Keepers of the
Western Door). Each of the figures are linked by
a wampum belt to form a chain of friendship which
represents the alliance between the United States
and the Haudenosaunee confederacy.
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Critique of N America
Pledger art plains
Sub arctic mask
Ceramic vessel southeastern
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Resources

• http//www.cabrillo.edu/crsmith/noamer_newoodland
  s.html
• http//www.nativetech.org/metal/coppersheet.html
• http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536600040.htm
  l
• http//www.ganondagan.org/wampum.html
• http//www.native-languages.org/baskets.htm
• http//www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeameric
  ans/1maps.htm