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Anatomy and Physiology The Endocrine System Chapter 12

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Title: Anatomy and Physiology The Endocrine System Chapter 12


1
Anatomy and PhysiologyThe Endocrine
SystemChapter 12
  • Community Education
  • Mr. Kestner

2
Introduction
  • Exerts chemical control over the human body
  • Control includes growth, maturation,
    reproduction, metabolism, human behavior
  • Shared partnership with nervous system
  • Hypothalamus sends signals to pituitary gland
  • Pituitary gland is historically referred to as
    the master gland

3
Introduction
  • The endocrine system consists of a group of
    ductless glands that secrete hormones directly
    into the bloodstream
  • Help regulate metabolism, water electrolyte
    concentrations, growth, and reproduction
  • System consists of pituitary gland, thyroid
    gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands,
    pancreas, testes, ovaries, thymus, pineal body

4
Hormones
  • Control internal environment of body
  • Control cellular respiration, growth,
    reproduction
  • Control fluids in body
  • Control secretion of other hormones
  • Control behavior patterns
  • Play vital role in reproductive cycles of ? and ?
  • Regulate growth and development cycles

5
Hormones
  • Three classes of hormones
  • Modified amino acids
  • Epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin,
    vasopressin
  • Protein hormones
  • Insulin, gonad-stimulating hormones, growth
    hormone
  • Steroid (lipid) hormones
  • Cortisol, estrogen, testosterone

6
Negative Feedback Loop
  • In homes furnace and thermostat operate as
    negative feedback loop
  • Set thermostat to temp, when ?, furnace turns on
    once temp reaches set temp, furnace shuts off
  • Hormones function same way
  • When concentration of particular hormone reaches
    certain level endocrine gland that secretes that
    hormone is inhibited and hormone decreases
  • As concentration drops, inhibition ceases and
    gland secretes more hormone

7
Negative Feedback Loop
8
Hypothalamus
  • Unique role with endocrine system
  • Sends neural and chemical signals to pituitary
    gland
  • Chemical signals called
  • Releasing hormones
  • Releasing inhibitory hormones
  • Due to negative feedback, endocrine hormones can
    influence the hypothalamus

9
Pituitary Gland
  • Often called the master gland
  • Produces many hormones that affect other glands
  • Located at base of brain in the bony depression
    of the sphenoid bone
  • Divided into two sections, or lobes
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe

10
Anterior Pituitary Lobe
  • Produces 7 hormones
  • Growth Hormone (GH) or Somatotropin
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) or Prolactin

11
Growth Hormone
  • Stimulates cell metabolism in most tissues
  • Causes cells to divide and increase in size
  • Stimulates growth of bones and muscles
  • Too little
  • Pituitary dwarfism
  • Excess during childhood
  • Gigantism
  • Excess after childhood when bones stop growing
  • Acromegaly

12
Other Hormones of Anterior Pituitary Lobe
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Increases melanin production in melanocytes
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Stimulates development of follicles in ovaries
  • Stimulates production of sperm cells in testes
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Stimulates ovulation in ovary and production of
    progesterone
  • Stimulates synthesis of testosterone in testes
  • Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) or Prolactin
  • Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
  • May cause decrease in sex hormones in males

13
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
  • Maintains bodys water balance by promoting
    increased water reabsorption in the tubles of the
    nephrons of kidneys, resulting in less water in
    urine
  • A deficiency can result in Diabetes Insipidus,
    which can lead to a production of 20-30 liters of
    urine/day may produce a loss of electrolytes
    resulting in death
  • Oxytocin
  • Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles of
    uterus
  • Stretching of uterus and vagina in pregnancy
    stimulates production of oxytocin causing
    contraction and labor

14
Thyroid Gland
  • Synthesizes hormones that regulate bodys
    metabolism
  • Controls level of calcium in blood
  • Located in front of upper part of trachea
  • Two lobes, located on either side of larynx
  • Requires iodine to produce hormones, which is
    obtained from certain foods and iodized salt
  • Hormones called thyroxine (T4) and T3

15
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
  • Goiter
  • Enlargement of thyroid caused by hyperthyroidism,
    iodine deficiency, oversecretion of TSH from
    pituitary, or tumor
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Overactivity of thyroid gland, which causes
    increased production of thyroid hormones and
    increased BMR
  • Graves Disease
  • Severe form of hyperthyroidism and more common in
    women
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Underactivity of thyroid gland and a deficiency
    of thyroid hormones

16
Parathyroid Glands
  • Four small glands located behind and attached to
    the thyroid gland
  • Their hormone regulates amount of calcium in
    blood
  • Stimulates bone cells to break down bone tissue
    and release calcium and phosphates into blood

17
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Overactivity of parathyroid glands, resulting in
    an overproduction of hormones and hypercalcemia
  • Causes brittle bones
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Underactivity of parathyroid gland, which causes
    a low level of calcium in the blood
  • Causes muscles to be easily excitable

18
Adrenal Glands
  • Frequently calld the suprarenal glands
  • Each gland has two parts the outer portion
    called the cortex, and the inner portion called
    the medulla
  • The cortex secretes many steroid hormones
  • The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine

19
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
  • Addisons Disease
  • Caused by decreased secretion of aldosterone
  • Interferes with reabsorption of Na and H2O,
    causes increased level of K
  • Treatment includes steroids
  • Cushings Syndrome
  • Results from oversecretion of glucocorticoids
    from adrenal cortex
  • Symptoms include moon face and obesity, muscle
    weakness, and poor wound healing
  • Hormonal therapy is required if glands are removed

20
Pancreas
  • Fish-shaped organ located behind stomach
  • Both endocrine and exocrine gland
  • Secretes pancreatic juices exocrine
  • Produces hormone glucogon and hormone insulin in
    the islets of Langerhans endocrine

21
Diabetes Mellitus
  • Chronic disease caused by decrease in insulin
  • Two main types IDDM, Type I NIDDM, Type II
  • Main symptoms include
  • Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia,
    glycosuria, weight loss, fatigue, slow healing,
    and vision changes
  • Treatment includes
  • Regulated diet control, regular exercise, and
    insulin

22
Other Endocrine Glands
  • Ovaries
  • Female sex glands
  • Testes
  • Male sex glands
  • Thymus
  • Gland containing lymph atrophies at puberty
    (lymph)
  • Pineal body
  • Small structure in brain secretes melatonin and
    serotonin
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