Nationalism and Economic Expansion

1
Nationalism and Economic Expansion

• Chapter 8

2
Expanding Westward

• In 1820 one out of every four white Americans
  lived west of the Appalachian Mountain
• In 1810 one out of every seven...
• Significance
• economy new regions into the emerging capitalist
  system
• politics policy towards new territories/states
  lead to Civil War
• social people of different cultures forced
  together

3

• Reasons
• Population pressures
• 1800 population 5.3 million
• 1820 population 9.6 million
• Economic pressures
• Availability of new lands
• Decline of Indian resistance
• Areas
• Textile Mills in the North
• Cotton in the South
• Fur Trapping in the West
• Transportation
• Canals
• Roads

4
Political and Social Shifts

• Era of Good Feelings
• The 3 Ps (Peace, Prosperity and Pride)
• Post War of 1812
• Nationalism growth
• expansion of economy
• growth of white settlement and trade in the West
• creation of new states
• Little party disagreement
• James Monroe - Presidency for two terms in 1817
• Experience
• Revolution soldier
• Diplomat
• Secretary of State
• Tact
• went out of his way to include North and South
• goodwill tour
• re-election

5

• Foreign affairs Part I Florida
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
• experience
• son of former president
• spent time as a US diplomat in four different
  countries
• Treaty of Ghent
• goal expansion (i.e. Florida)
• US had already annexed W. Florida
• negotiations with Spanish Prime Minister in 1817

6

• Florida (continued)
• Andrew Jackson
• Secretary of War John Calhoun adopt necessary
  measures to stop Seminole Indians
• invades Florida in 1818
• seizes Spanish Forts
• Washingtons Response
• JQA urged gov. to assume complete responsibility
• US accuses Spain unwilling to curb threat
• Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
• United States gives up Texas
• Spain gives up all of Florida and claims in the
  Pacific Northwest

7

• Panic of 1819
• Napoleon again
• disruption in European agriculture
• high demand for US farm goods
• Land prices go up in the West
• govt established price of 2 an acre
• some land in Mississippi 100 an acre
• Buy now, pay later
• easy credit made available to settlers
• land boom
• Payback
• 1819 new management at the national bank began
  tightening credit
• loans called in / mortgages foreclosed
• many banks could not meet the demand and closed
• financial panic
• Results
• Depression
• six years
• manufactured and agriculture goods fall in price

8
The Marshall Court

• Key SC Cases increase the power of the Federal
  govt.
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Contract clause of
  Constitution (supremacy clause)
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) protected
  sanctity of contracts, and thus corporations.
  (pro-market economy)
• McCullough v. Maryland (1819) implied powers or
  the elastic clause protected the BUS!
• JM The power to tax, involves the power to
  destroy.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) supremacy clause of
  Federal power states cant take over rights
  like commerce.

9

• Missouri Compromise
• Missouri applies for statehood in 1819
• History
• French and Spanish inhabitants own slaves
• US promises in Louisiana purchase to protect the
  human property
• by 1819 approximately 60,000 people 10,000 were
  slaves
• Tallmadge Amendment
• importation of slaves not to be allowed into
  Missouri (already 16)
• gradual emancipation of slaves already there
  (when they reach 25)
• sparked a two year controversy in Congress

10

• Missouri Compromise contd
• Separation (Debate is really over political
  power)!
• At the time there is a balanced number of slave
  and free states
• Anti-Slavery supporters
• Manumission Society
• Quakers
• De Witt Clinton Republicans
• Federalists
• free labor system
• Southern Rule and Virginia Influence (slave
  supporters)
• plantation system

11

• Weak solution
• state entry in even pairs (one non slavery state
  / one state with slavery)
• Thomas Amendment (or proviso) slavery prohibited
  in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory
  North of the southern boundary of Missouri.
  (3630 dividing line) means that Ark. and Ok.
  Open to slavery in future, but the other
  territory (to be 9 states would not allow the
  expansion of slavery)
• Maine-Missouri Bill guided through the house by
  Henry Clay

12
Presidential reactions

• T. Jefferson A geographical line, coinciding
  with a marked principle moral and political, once
  conceived and held up to the angry passions of
  men, will never be obliterated every new
  irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. This
  momentous question, like a fire-bell in the
  night, awakened and filled me with terror. I
  considered it at once the knell of the Union. It
  is hushed indeed, for the moment. But this is a
  reprieve only, not a final sentence.

13

• Foreign Affairs Part II Monroe Doctrine
• An entire continent of Spanish Empire struggling
• Many believed that success of anti-Spanish
  revolutions would strengthen US standing in
  region
• 1815 claimed neutrality, but sold revolutionaries
  supplies
• 1822 Recognition of five new countries
• La Plata (Argentina)
• Chile
• Peru
• Columbia
• Mexico

14

• 1823 Monroe Doctrine States
• The American continents... are henceforth not to
  be considered as subjects for future colonization
  by any European powers.
• -and-
• Our policy in regard to Europe... is not to
  interfere in the internal concerns of any of its
  powers.
• Significance
• Becomes the foundation of American Foreign Policy
• Why?
• foreign reasons
• European concert puts royalty back in Spain
• feared Euro allies might try to regain territory
  in America
• domestic reasons
• use national pride to heal depression
• divert nation from sectional politics
• increase popular interest in an lack-luster
  administration

15

• Election of 1824 End of the Virginia dynasty
• Candidates (All of them are Democratic-Republican
  s)
• William H. Crawford, Georgia (41)
• secretary of the treasury
• states rights
• suffering from a paralyzing disease
• Old-line Republican (small government)
• Henry Clay, Kentucky (37)
• Speaker of the House
• Part of the War Hawks from the War of 1812
  (Westerner)
• Very closed aligned with Adams
• John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (84)
• Secretary of State
• Son of a Federalist president (John Adams 2nd
  president)
• Represented the northeast (high protective
  tariff)
• Leading contender
• Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (99)
• 1812 War Hero
• US Senator, but no serious political record

16
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
William Crawford
John Calhoun
17

• Election of 1824
• Candidate Electoral Vote Popular Vote
• Presidential
• John Quincy Adams (MA) 84 115,696
• Henry Clay (KY) 37 47,136
• Andrew Jackson (TN) 99 152,933
• William H. Crawford (GA) 41 46,979
• Vice Presidential
• John C. Calhoun (SC) 182
• Nathan Sanford (NY) 30
• Nathaniel Macon (NC) 24
• Andrew Jackson (TN) 13
• Martin Van Buren (NY) 9
• Henry Clay (KY) 2
• Votes not cast 1

18

• The Twelfth Amendment (adopted in 1804 following
  the disputed Election of 1800) provided that
  elections in which no candidate received a
  majority should be decided by the House of
  Representatives from among the top three
  candidates. Clay was out of contention and
  Crawford was an unlikely prospect because of a
  serious illness.

19

• Jackson clearly expected to win, figuring that
  the House would act to confirm his strong
  showing. However, Clay, as Speaker of the House,
  used his influence to sway the vote to Adams.
  Although they were not close, Clay knew that he
  and Adams shared a common political philosophy
  Clay also knew that Jackson was an avowed
  opponent of the Bank of the United States, a
  vital component of the American System. Clay also
  was not interested in doing anything to further
  the career of the hero of New Orleans, his main
  rival in the West.
• Adams prevailed on the first ballot in the House
  of Representatives and became the nation's sixth
  president. His subsequent appointment of Henry
  Clay as Secretary of State led to angry charges
  of a "corrupt bargain."

20

• Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority,
  thus a run off (in the H of R)
• Clay and Adams make a deal
• Clay tells his supporters to vote for Adams
• Adams wins
• Deal became known as the Corrupt Bargain and
  would haunt the political careers of both Adams
  and Clay

21

• John Quincy Adams Presidency
• Creative ideas for agriculture, commerce arts
  blocked by Jackson supporters
• Panama Conference 1826
• Cherokee Indians vs. The State of Georgia
• tariff of abominations

22

• Jacksons Revenge Election of 1828
• Ugly election
• Jackson accuses Adams of
• supporting the economic aristocracy
• gross waste and extravagance
• using American women as bribes to foreign leaders
• Adams accuses Jackson of
• killing American soldiers in cold blood
• being and adulterer (Jacksons wife fainted and
  died shortly after the election upon reading the
  propaganda)
• Jackson wins decisively
• Era of The Common Man