The Expansion of Education

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The Expansion of Education

• chapter 9, section 1

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Growth of Public Schools

• Importance of literacy (1st step toward success)
• 1870s
• Leaving school at an early age
• 2 of 17-year-olds graduated HS
• Rural November to April only

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Growth of Public Schools

• Industry grows after Civil War
• People move to cities
• Emphasis on education
• By 1910, graduation rate 8.6 (This is up from
  2 in 1870s.)

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School Days

• One-room school houses
• Ages 6 to 14 years old
• 1 teacher (older students taught younger)
• Mostly rote memorization (reading aloud
  repeating)
• Subjects (geography, history, R, R, R)

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Immigrants

• Assimilation for children
• English literacy
• American cultural values (thrift, patriotism,
  hard work)
• Traditional American cooking
• Traditional American games
• Some resisted (Catholic school)

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Uneven Support

• Separate schools for whites and blacks
• Minority schools received less money
• Virtually no schooling for Native Americans.
  Those that attended
• Gave up their language
• Gave up their dress
• Gave up their customs/culture

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Higher Education

• 1880-1900150 new colleges/universities open
• Wealthy contributions to education
• Stanford
• Rockefeller
• Enrollment doubles (1890-1910)
• Soon middle-income families send kids

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Texas State University 1899
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Women Higher Ed.

• Private womens colleges established by
  philanthropists
• 1880/90s pressure to admit women
• Some, yes others, no.
• Most scholarships went to men.
• Social prejudice against women
• Too independent ? unmarriageable

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African Americans

• Many wanted to enroll, but few schools allowed
  it.
• Total enrollment (1890) 160
• Most were at African American colleges(establishe
  d during Reconstruction)
• By 1900, there were 2,000 graduates.

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Black Education Opinions

• 2 famous African American college graduates
• Booker T. Washington
• W.E.B. Du Bois
• 2 very different perspectives

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Booker T. Washington

• To those of my race who depend on bettering
  their condition I would say Cast down your
  bucket where you are No race can prosper till
  it learns that there is as much dignity in
  tilling a field as in writing a poem

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Booker T. Washington

• Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881)
• Focus
• Buildingeconomic security vocational skills
• Not on political equality
• Popular w/ whites

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• I insist that the true object of all true
  education is not to make men carpenters, it is to
  make carpenters men.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be
  made leaders of thought and missionaries of
  culture among their people. No others can do
  this work and Negro colleges must train men for
  it.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• Harvard PhD
• The Talented Tenth
• Political/social equality civil rights
• Liberal arts (not vocational)
• Pride in heritage
• Niagara Movement(1905)

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Niagara Movement

• Met on Canadian side of Niagara Falls
• Called for
• Full civil rights
• End to racial discrimination
• Recognition of human brotherhood
• Led to the formation of NAACP

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New Entertainment

• chapter 9, section 2

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Flowchart
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Vaudeville / Minstrel Show

• Vaudeville
• Inexpensive variety show
• Comic sketches (racial/ethnic humor), song/dance,
  magic acts
• Minstrel Shows
• Blackface(perpetuation of black stereotypes)

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Movies

• 1908
• 8,000 nickelodeons(theaters set up in converted
  stores or warehouses that charged a nickel for
  admission)
• 200,000 viewers daily
• Movies continue to get bigger and better

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Circus

• 1872
• The circus train traveling circus
• Advance men promote the show days in advance,
  drawing in huge crowds.
• Running away to join the circus

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Amusement Parks

• Advances in trolley technology
• Trolleys extended to lesser populated areas
• Trolley Parks at the end of the line
• ½ day off on Saturdays (more common)
• Music, games of skill, rides, beaches, vaudeville

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Sports

• Baseball
• By far the most popular
• Development of leagues
• 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings (first
  professional team)

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Sports

• Football (1880s)
• Walter Camp began adapting rugby
• Basketball (1891)
• Invented by Dr. James Naismith, a PE teacher in
  Springfield, Mass.
• Women
• Played, but not equally encouraged

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Reading

• Newspapers
• Easier printing ? mass production
• Now w/comics, sports, pictures, etc.
• Circulation rises from 2.6 million1870 to 15.1
  million1900
• Becomes big business ? more competition
  ? sales tactics change

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Reading

• Yellow Journalism
• sensational mass coverage (murders, vice,
  scandals, etc.)
• Reference to yellow ink in a popular comic
  strip of the era

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Reading

• Magazines
• Popular Fiction
• Dime novels
• Social protest novels
• Humorous novels

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Music

• Negro Spiritual
• African American folk music
• Acceptable to whites
• Ragtime/Jazz (New Orleans)
• Music _at_ home
• Player piano, phonograph