PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Abstract
• Tomato is one among three most important
  solanacious vegetables cultivated in the world.
• Tomato is cultivated in to methods such as
  direct seeding and transplanting and
  transplanting occupies prime area.
• Tillage operations (both primary and secondary)
  are important for better production of tomato.
• Country plough, mould board plough, disc plough
  and chisel plough are widely used for tomato
  cultivation.
• Disc harrows, cultivators, rotavator are used
  for finer operations.
• Main field of tomato is modified in to ridges
  and furrows, beds and channels and raised beds,
  of these, ridges and furrows are widely
  practiced.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Learning objectives
• To learn the different tillage implements used
  for tomato cultivation.
• To study the various land modifications
  practiced before planting or sowing of tomato.
• Introduction
• Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is most
  important and remunerative vegetable crop in the
  World. A rich source of minerals, vitamins and
  organic acids, tomato fruit provides 34 of
  total sugar, 47 of total solids, 1530mg/100g
  of ascorbic acid.
• Tomato is one of the most important three
  solanaceous vegetables (tomato, chilli and
  brinjal/egg plant) grown in the world.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• It is comparatively tender crop and having
  moderately deep root system and hence suitable
  field preparations ensure the better tomato
  cultivation.
• Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of the
  soil and being practiced even prior to crop
  production.
• Good tilth provide amenable environment for
  tomato cultivation and is pre-requisite.
• Different tillage implements, both of animal and
  tractor drawn are used for obtaining good tilth.
• After tillage, the land is ready for raising
  tomato and certain modifications (like ridges and
  furrows) are made to ease irrigation and other
  management and tomato is sown or planted

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Methods of cultivation
• Tomato is mainly cultivated in two methods,
  viz., direct seeding and transplanting. However,
  transplanting is the most common and widely
  practiced method.
• 1. Direct seeding
• Direct seeding of tomato results in early
  flowering, early fruiting, early yield and less
  incidence of pests and diseases.
• The main field is prepared and after obtaining
  fine tilth the land is modified according the
  situation and the seeds are sown directly.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Seeding of 35 seeds in a clump at 2530cm
  ensures 23 plants/clump. Seeds should be sown
  1.25 to 2.5cm deep.
• After establishment of plants, thinning should
  be done to maintain 12 seedlings/hill.
• Close spacing has the advantage of higher yield
  by direct seeding.
• Due to light weight of seeds and the seeds are
  to be sown at shallow depth, it is very difficult
  to make direct seeding and not practiced widely
  by many of farmers.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• 2. Transplanting
• Transplanting method of planting comprises of
  two stages, 1.Raising seedlings in nursery and 2.
  Transplanting in main field.
• Nursery preparation
• For raising the seedlings for one ha, about
  250m2 area is required. Generally, 7.5m length
  and 1.2m to 1.5m width of nursery beds are
  preferred.
• The bed are raised or elevated to the height of
  5-10cm by making scooping of soil in all four
  corners.
• The beds are covered with a layer of well
  decomposed farmyard manure _at_ 4kg/m2 and sand is
  mixed if the clay proportion is more

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Necessary seed treatment is practiced to reduce
  the ill effects of seedling in nursery.
• Soon after sowing, the beds should be irrigated
  with rose can and covered with paddy straw.
• The beds should be irrigated everyday morning.
  Seedlings are ready for transplanting 45 weeks
  after sowing.
• Hardening of seedlings before transplanting is
  essential for better setting in the field.
• Hardening is done by withholding water 45 days
  before uprooting seedlings.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Transplanting
• Good seedlings obtained from the nursery are
  taken to main field and planted. The field is
  prepared preferably as ridges and furrows of
  about 60cm and flat bed and raised bed methods
  are used.
• Raised beds economize watering, there is less
  incidence of diseases and pests and sometimes has
  the advantage of staking.
• Mechanically harvested and processing tomatoes
  should be planted at close spacing.
• Hybrids are planted at wider spacing from
  row-to-row and close spacing of plant-to-plant to
  facilitate mechanization

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Tillage for tomato
• Tillage is the important operation carried out
  in tomato cultivation where the soil is ploughed
  using implements to attain good tilth.
• Primary tillage is the initial soil breaking
  ploughing and manipulating of top 15-90 cm soil,
  whereas secondary tillage includes seedbed
  preparation and intercultural operations up to a
  depth of 15 cm.
• Tomato root system penetrates up to about 60 cm
  deep, both primary (deep) and secondary (fine and
  shallow) tillages are necessary.
• Both nursery and main fields, the tillage
  operations carried out are common in tomato.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Primary tillage implements
• Important primary tillage implements used for
  land preparation tomato are country plough, mould
  board plough, disc plough and chisel plough.
• Country plough is the most important plough used
  by many of the farmers of developing country in
  tomato cultivation.
• It is drawn only with bullocks and cuts a V
  shaped furrow and opens the soil, but no
  inversion is made.
• Due to advent of mechanization, many of the
  modern ploughing implements are introduced.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Mould board plough is ploughing to the depth of
  about 30-40cm is highly useful.
• This implement is mainly attached to the tractor
  and soil inversion is main advantage. Disc
  ploughs operate with 60cm diameter of discs and
  scoop-out the soil and turns it.
• Grassy weedy fields, the plough are a boon but,
  stony fields, these ploughs cant be used.
• Chisel ploughs or sub-soilers are used for
  breaking the hard pan (formed due to nature of
  soil or man made or due to compaction of heavy
  machineries).

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Secondary tillage implements
• After the opening up of soil or deep ploughing,
  the soil is to be made fine and shallow ploughing
  is practiced.
• Country plough is also used for the secondary
  tillage operation but, cultivator and disc
  harrows attached to the tractor are widely used
  for secondary tillage operation.
• Cultivators with varied tynes (9 or 11 etc.) are
  used for finer and shallow ploughing operation.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• The disc harrow consists of a number of concave
  discs of 45 to 55 cm in diameter.
• The discs cut through the soil and effectively
  pulverize the clods.
• Rotavator are also put in use for breaking
  clods in many a case but, there is possibility of
  damage of physical characters of the soil.
• Generally, one deep ploughing using primary
  tillage implements followed by two or three fine
  tillages are made prior to tomato cultivation.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Land modification for tomato
• Tomato is directly sown or transplanted in to
  the main field. Both of these, mostly ridges and
  furrow method is commonly practiced.
• However, beds and channels and raised bed
  cultivation are also practiced in certain cases.
• Ridges of varying sizes (45 cm to 90cm) are
  formed depending on cultivar, vigour of plant,
  irrigation method (surface or drip) etc.
• Ridge ploughs of either attached to bullock pair
  or tractor are used for making the ridges.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• After the ridges formation, channels are framed
  according to the convenient. The seeds are sown
  or seedlings are transplanted in the sides of the
  ridges.
• Beds and channels are formed using bund former
  of animal drawn or tractor drawn implements.
• Based on slope, irrigation availability and
  other management factors, the size of the beds is
  formed.
• Commonly, 6 x 6m or 8 x 8m bed sized is formed.
  Raised beds are formed in water stagnating areas
  and special implements used for this purpose.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Summary
• Tomato is mainly cultivated in two methods,
  viz., direct seeding and transplanting and of
  them, latter is more predominant.
• Direct seeding of tomato results in early
  flowering, early fruiting, early maturity and
  less incidence of pests and diseases.
• Transplanting method of planting comprises of
  two stages, such as raising seedlings in nursery
  and transplanting in the main field.
• About 1.2m to 1.5m width of nursery beds are
  preferred for tomato nursery.

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• Summary
• Mould board plough is widely used in tomato
  cultivation and soil inversion is main advantage.
• Disc ploughs scoop-out the soil, turns it and
  grassy weedy fields, the plough are highly
  useful.
• Cultivator and disc harrows attached to the
  tractor are widely used for secondary tillage
  operation.
• Tomato is cultivated in ridges and furrows, flat
  bed and raised bed methods. Ridges and furrow
  method is commonly practiced method in tomato.

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Assessment

• 1.Tomato is mostly cultivated through
  transplanting method (True/False).
• 2.Mould board plough is mainly used for secondary
  tillage purpose (True/False).
• 3.Disc ploughs are preferred in grassy field
  (True/False).
• 4.Cultivator and disc harrows are widely used for
  secondary tillage operation (True/False).
• 5.Ridges and furrow method is commonly practiced
  method in tomato (True/False).

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR TOMATO

• References
• Singh, S.P. 2000. Commercial fruits. Kalyani
  Publishers, Ludhiana.
• Kumar, N. 2000. Introduction to Horticulture.
  Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagarcoil, Tamil Nadu.
• Yellamanda Reddy, T. and G.H.Sankara Reddi. 2010.
  Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani Publisher,
  Ludhiana.

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