Immigration and Urbanization

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Immigration and UrbanizationChapter 15
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Essential Question

• Some consider America a melting pot. What does
  this mean? Do you agree that America is a melting
  pot? If yes, why? If no, why not?

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Immigration

• Before 1900, most immigrants came from Northern
  and Western Europe
• Countries such as Ireland, England, Germany,
  France, and the Netherlands
• After 1900, many immigrants came from Eastern and
  Southern Europe
• Countries such as Russia, Italy, Greece, and
  Poland
• Majority of immigrants were still of European
  descent.
• Many came because jobs, especially in
  agriculture, were limited in Europe
• Some also came to seek the independence America
  offered.

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• A smaller number of immigrants started coming
  from China and Japan in the late 1800s.
• Many Chinese came originally to mine gold.
• They later helped build the railroads.
• Japanese and Chinese immigrants settled mainly on
  the West Coast.
• Some immigrants also came from the West Indies
  and Mexico to find employment.
• Large numbers came from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and
  Cuba

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Chinese Miners
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• European Immigrants mainly came through
  inspection at Ellis Island in New York City
• Asian Immigrants mainly came through inspection
  at Angel Island in San Francisco.
• Conditions and Inspections were much worse at
  Angel Island than at Ellis Island.
• What does this reflect?
• Do you think the current anti-immigration
  feelings would be held if the immigrants were
  Europeans?

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Ellis Island
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Alcatrez Island (foreground) and Angel Island
(background)
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• Nativist sentiments arose once again.
• What group had been discriminated against earlier
  in American History?
• Anti-Immigrant sentiments rose for three main
  reasons.
• 1. Jobs- especially in large cities with
  substantial immigrant populations
• 2. Racist Sentiments
• Non Anglo-Saxons were not trusted
• Much of this arose through the teachings of
  Social Darwinism
• This was the idea of survival of the fittest

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• Social Darwinism was begun by a man named Herbert
  Spencer
• It claimed that those who were the most powerful
  or advanced were a higher species.
• Broke up the different races into different
  species. The Aryan (white) Race was at the top.
• Eventually, led to the Holocaust in Germany.

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Herbert Spencer
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• 3. Religious Differences- Most America was still
  Protestant.
• Many of the Eastern European Immigrants were
  Jewish, Orthodox, or Catholic.
• Most of the Asian Immigrants were Buddhist or
  from other Asian religions
• Groups such as the American Protective
  Association and Immigration Restriction League
  were started to stop immigration.
• Congress tried passing a literacy test for new
  immigrants.
• It was vetoed by President Cleveland.

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• One bill, which was passed, was the Chinese
  Exclusion Act in 1882.
• Restricted Chinese Immigration with a few
  exceptions, like tourists, teachers, or students.
• Was kept into law until 1943.
• Japanese students were segregated in San
  Francisco public schools.
• Theodore Roosevelt reached The Gentlemens
  Agreement with Japan. Japan kept citizens from
  immigrating in return for better treatment of
  Japanese already in America. The schools were
  desegregated.
• Why do you think people would have been so
  adamant about segregating schools?

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Urbanization

• Urbanization growth of cities
• Large cities began to grow in the Northeast and
  Midwest due to industrialization.
• Most immigrants moved into cities.
• Many immigrants liked to live in their own
  communities in the cities. (i.e. Chinatown,
  Little Italy)

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• Many Americans sought to assimilate immigrants
  with the Americanization Movement.
• The Americanization movement sought to make all
  people become part of the American culture.
• They would learn English and other skills
  essential to survival in the US like cooking,
  etiquette, history, etc.
• This was primarily done through school

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• Housing in big cities was usually horrible.
• Overcrowded apartments called tenements, or row
  houses, were the primary housing for poor
  immigrant communities.
• In big cities, transportation was inadequate,
  safe water was a problem, trash pickup was rare,
  the crime rate was high, and fire was a constant
  danger.

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• Reformers, like those of the Social Gospel
  movement tried to help with urban problems.
• preached salvation through service to the poor.
• They built settlement houses in slum areas
• like community centers
• leader of movement was Jane Addams
• Hull House in Chicago was most famous

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Jane Addams and the Hull House
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Tenement District, NYC
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Political Machines

• Around this time Political Machines went on the
  rise.
• This is where people would agree to support a
  political party in exchange for certain promises
  or services.
• In some cases, Political Bosses were as
  powerful as elected leaders.

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• Often, political bosses became corrupt.
• Instead of spending tax money on improving
  citizens lives, they would keep the money for
  themselves.
• One of the most corrupt of these political bosses
  was Boss Tweed of New York City. His political
  machine was called, Tammany Hall.

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Boss Tweed
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Presidents

• James Garfield became President.
• He fought for Civil Service reform which is where
  the most qualified individuals get government
  jobs, not those who are part of a certain
  political party.
• Garfield was assassinated in 1881.
• His V-P, Chester A. Arthur, became President.
• He signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act in
  1883, which reformed the civil service.
• People now had to take tests and pass a screening
  process to get government jobs. This helped
  eliminate the spoils service and start a merit
  system

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• After Arthur, Grover Cleveland became President.
  He was the first Democratic President in 28
  years.
• He fought against high tariffs which helped big
  business but hurt the common citizens.
• However, he was unable to lower the tariffs.
• Benjamin Harrison beat Cleveland the next
  election.
• He raised tariffs to the highest level ever.

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Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th president 1877-1881
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James A. Garfield, 20th president, 1881
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Chester A. Arthur, 21st President, 1881-1885
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Grover Cleveland, 22nd President, 1885-1889
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Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President, 1889-1893
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Grover Cleveland, 24th president, 1893-1897
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William McKinley, 25th president, 1897-1901
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Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president, 1901-1909