Hydrogen Program Update

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Hydrogen Program Update
JoAnn Milliken Acting Program Manager and Chief
Engineer State Energy Advisory Board (STEAB)
Membership Conference July 25,
2006 Arlington, VA
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell RD An Integral Component of
President's Advanced Energy Initiative
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (771M)

• Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Vehicle Technologies
• Biomass, Solar, and Wind

Fossil Energy (444M)

• Coal Research Initiative
• Stationary Fuel Cells

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Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (392M)

• Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
• Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative
• Nuclear Power 2010, and
• Generation IV

Science (539M)

• Nuclear Fusion, Solar, Biomass and Hydrogen

DOE FY 2007 budget requests 2.1 billion (381
million increase over FY 2006)
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Research, Development and Demonstration Needed to
Overcome Barriers
Goal Technology readiness to meet consumer
requirements and enable industry to establish a
business case
Challenges

• Critical Path Technology
• Hydrogen Storage (target gt300-mile range)
• Fuel Cell Cost and Durability (targets 30 per
  kW, 5000 hours)
• Hydrogen Cost (target 2.00 - 3.00 per gallon
  gasoline equivalent)
• Economic/Institutional
• Codes and Standards (Safety, and Global
  Competitiveness)
• Hydrogen Delivery (Investment for new
  Distribution Infrastructure)
• Education (safety and code officials, local
  communities, state and local governments,
  students)

One kilogram of hydrogen contains nearly the
same energy as a gallon of gasoline.
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Program Implementation
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Fostering Synergy between Basic Science and
Applied Research
Example Hydrogen Storage
Basic Research

• Develop and use theoretical models fundamental
  experimentation to generate knowledge
• Fundamental property transport phenomena
• Novel material structures, characterization
• Theory, modeling, understand reaction mechanisms

Applied Research Development

• Apply theory experimentation to design
  develop novel, high-performance materials to meet
  specific performance targets
• Leverage knowledge from basic research, develop
  new materials
• Optimize materials and testing to improve
  performance
• Use engineering science to design, develop and
  demonstrate prototype systems to meet milestones.

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Balanced DOE Hydrogen RD Program
Being Implemented
FY 2007 Request 288.1M (includes EE, FE, SC
and NE EE portion 195.8M)
of Budget
155.9M
50M
45.1M
37.1M
Research Development
Technology Validation through Learning
Demonstrations
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Producing Hydrogen

• Goal Hydrogen produced domestically,
  reducing our dependence on
  foreign energy sources and providing clean,
  carbon-free fuel.
• Production Pathways Hydrogen can be produced
  from renewable, nuclear, and fossil energy
  resources using a variety of process
  technologies, including
• Renewable electrolysis (using wind, solar, or
  geothermal energy)
• Biomass and renewable liquids
• High temperature thermochemical
• Nuclear energy
• High temperature solar
• Biological and photoelectrochemical technologies
• Coal (with carbon sequestration)
• Natural gas

Quick Fact
The U.S. hydrogen industry currently
produces 9 million tons of hydrogen a year
thats enough to power about 34 million vehicles.
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Delivering Hydrogen

• Hydrogen produced centrally or semi-centrally
  must be delivered to
• the point-of-use. Delivery also includes the
  operations of compression, storage, and
  dispensing at refueling stations.
• Hydrogen can be delivered as a gas, cryogenic
  liquid, or as hydrogen stored in liquid or solid
  carriers.
• Hydrogen can be transported by pipeline, high
  pressure tube trailers, or cryogenic liquid
  trucks.

Quick Fact Today there are about 700 miles of
hydrogen pipelines in the United States (compared
to more than 1 million miles of natural gas
pipelines). Hydrogen pipelines are located where
large hydrogen refineries are concentrated.
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Distributed Hydrogen Production Status Compared
to Goal
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Storing Hydrogen

• Hydrogen storage systems must allow
• a driving range of 300 miles without
• compromising vehicle weight or trunk
• space.
• Hydrogen storage takes place
• On-board a vehicle
• Off-board a vehicle at production sites,
  refueling stations, stationary power sites, and
  in transit (delivery)
• Hydrogen can be stored in
• Tanks, as a compressed gas or liquid
• Materials
• Metal hydrides
• Chemical hydrides
• Carbon-based materials
• Other new materials

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Hydrogen Storage The Grand Challenge Focused on
Materials-based Technologies
for gt300 - Mile Range
Hydrogen Storage The Grand Challenge Focused on
Materials-based Technologies
for gt300 - Mile Range
Testing Analysis Cross Cutting
National Hydrogen Storage Project
Centers of Excellence
Independent Projects
Metal hydrides
New materials/processes for on-board storage
Basic Science
Chemical Hydrogen Storage
Compressed/Cryogenic Hybrid approaches
Carbon-Based Materials
Off-board storage systems
40 Universities, 15 Companies, 10 Federal Labs
40 Universities, 15 Companies, 10 Federal Labs
High pressure tanks do not meet long term
targets. Focus is on novel materials.
High pressure tanks do not meet long term
targets. Focus is on novel materials.
Specific Energy Energy Density Cost
2015 Targets (2010) 3.0 kwh/kg (2.0) 2.7 kwh/L (1.5) 2/kWh (4)
5,000 psi System 1.9 kwh/kg 0.5 kwh/L 15/kWh
10,000 psi System 1.6 kwh/kg 0.8 kwh/L 18/kWh
Specific Energy Energy Density Cost
2015 Targets (2010) 3.0 kwh/kg (2.0) 2.7 kwh/L (1.5) 2/kWh (4)
5,000 psi System 1.9 kwh/kg 0.5 kwh/L 15/kWh
10,000 psi System 1.6 kwh/kg 0.8 kwh/L 18/kWh
Status of tank technology, 2005
Status of tank technology, 2005
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Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage)
1st Gen System Prototype Built and Tested

• Preliminary 1-kg hydrogen system prototype
  developed based on sodium alanate
• With composite vessel, 50 of system is balance
  of plant 2005 status 1.9 wt.

• Prototype gravimetric volumetric capacity
  reinforce need for high-capacity materials
• Thermal management, and reaction kinetics
  strongly impact weight volume

Anton, Moser et al, UTRC
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Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage)
Examples of High Capacity Materials gt 5 wt

• Mg modified Li-amides 5 wt reversible
  (material) capacity, with potential to 10 wt.
  Absorption demonstrated down to 180C, gt200 cycles
  demonstrated (Luo, Wang, Gross et al, SNL)

• Identified chemical hydride with 5.5 - 7 wt
  materials storage capacity (Cooper, Pez et al,
  APCi)

• Metal-carbon hybrid compounds predicted for
  potential storage materials 6 to 8 wt material
  (Heben, Dillon et al NREL)

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Recent Technical Success(Hydrogen Storage)
Examples of Promising New Concepts Demonstrated

• Demonstrated destabilization approach and
  showed gt9 wt. material-based storage in modified
  lithium borohydrides
• Next steps Enhance kinetics by nano-engineering
• (Vajo, Olsen, et al, HRL)

• Developed and demonstrated novel concept- filling
  nanostructured scaffolds with ammonia borane
• Showed gt6 wt material-based storage and hydrogen
  release at 80 C (Autrey, et al, PNNL)

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EERE Fuel Cell Strategy

• Primary focus is transportation fuel cell
  applications
• DOE sponsoring component RD rather than
  systems RD

Membranes
Bipolar Plates
Electrodes
Seals
Membrane Electrode Assemblies
Balance-of-plant Components
Gas Diffusion Layers
Innovative Concepts
Analysis, Characterization and Benchmarking
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EERE Fuel Cell Strategy

• Secondary focus is on stationary and other early
  market fuel cells to establish a manufacturing
  base

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Targets Progress Reduced Cost and
Increased Durability
Fuel Cell System (80kW) Costs Status vs. Targets
Fuel Cell Stack (only) Durability Status vs.
Targets
Hours
/kW
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Technology Validation

• Obtain detailed component data under real-world
  conditions to re-focus the Departments hydrogen
  and fuel cell component and materials research
• Validate the technology against time-phased
  performance-based targets, by 2009
• 2,000 hour fuel cell durability
• 3.00 per gge (high capacity facility, volume
  manufacturing)
• 250 mile range
• First year of project completed
• 62 vehicles now in fleet operation
• 6 new refueling stations opened
• No major safety problems encountered

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Recent Successes (Safety)
Established the Hydrogen Incidents
Database Improving safety through reporting of
lessons learned - reports contain safety
incident summaries, at-a-glance information, and
links to related information
www.h2incidents.org
Established the Hydrogen Safety Bibliographic
Database This searchable database provides
references for papers, presentations,
publications and other information on hydrogen
safety
www.hydrogen.energy.gov
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Hydrogen Education Activities

• Emergency Responder Training
• Initial set of materials provides an introduction
  to H2 safety
• Undergoing extensive review for technical content
  and audience usability
• Available in multiple formats, including
  stand-alone, web-based module
• Incorporable with organizations' existing
  curricula
• Raising "H2IQ Community/Media Information
  Program
• Introducing concept of a H2 economy
  and
  technologies
• Focus on locations near hydrogen
  demonstration projects
• Content will align with 2004 baseline
  knowledge survey

People who know the least about H2 technologies
have the greatest fears and insecurities
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State Education Activities
Seeks to support the growing number of state and
regional hydrogen and fuel cell initiatives by
providing technically-accurate and objective
information

• Host bi-monthly conference calls with state and
  regional initiatives on various topics of
  interest in partnership with the NHA and Clean
  Energy States Alliance
• Developing an interactive database of state
  activities includes initiatives, incentives,
  and demonstration projects in partnership with
  Fuel Cells 2000
• Planning to conduct another series of Hydrogen
  101 workshops in FY07 for state and
  local government officials building on
  the pilot series held in 2004
• Planning direct outreach, as part of our Raising
  "H2IQ activity, to states' energy offices,
  departments of transportation, and environmental
  protection to help raise awareness of both
  hydrogen fuel cell technology and the information
  resources available from the DOE Hydrogen Program

Factoids from 2004 baseline survey State and
Local Government Officials... ? achieved
the highest scores (66) on the surveys
knowledge questions ? gt 80 believed a
Hydrogen 101 training workshop would be helpful
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Other Program Activities
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Hydrogen Manufacturing RD

• Develop low-cost, high-volume fabrication methods
  for new materials components
• Establish and refine cost-effective manufacturing
  techniques while hydrogen products are still
  evolving
• Adapt laboratory fabrication to low-cost,
  high-volume production
• Enable development of domestic supplier networks

Manufacturing RD Roadmap Workshop July 13-14,
2005 Washington, DC Proceedings at
www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/wkshp_h2_
manufacturing.html Roadmap being updated based on
public comments solicitation planned for FY
2007 (subject to appropriations)
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Programmatic Achievements

• Hydrogen Quality Working Group formed to
  determine impact of fuel quality requirements on
  costs of H2 and the costs/durability of
  automotive fuel cells
• Membership includes DOE, OEMs, Energy Companies,
  National Laboratories
• Currently identifying RD needs, and developing
  Draft Hydrogen Quality Roadmap
• Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center
  now on-line

http//hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen
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Extensive Coordination

• International Partnership for the Hydrogen
  Economy
• IPHE.net

• Interagency Hydrogen Research and Development
  Task Force (OSTP lead)
• www.hydrogen.gov

• Federal/State/local (Example)
• California Fuel Cell Partnership
• California Hydrogen Highway Network

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U.S. Government Hydrogen Websites
DOT www.rita.dot.gov/agencies_and_ offices/researc
h/hydrogen_portal/
DOE www.hydrogen.energy.gov