The World That Trade Created

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The World That Trade Created

• Grabbing the Globe
• 1450 CE-1750 CE

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Transcontinental Routes

• New inventions in navigation, map making, and
  shipbuilding allowed Europeans to trade and
  travel the world.

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What was traded?

• In the 300 years between Columbus landing in the
  Americas in 1492 and the beginning of the
  Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s, three
  kinds of transcontinental (global) trade were
  established
• Slave
• Gold silver
• Drug foods

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Slavery

• Slavery has existed since ancient times in many
  places including China, Mesopotamia, Egypt,
  Greece and Rome.
• Slave trade expanded with the growth of empires
  such as Rome, Islam, and Ottoman.

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Transcontinental Slave Trade

• When Columbus first came into contact with the
  Americas the slave trade became global.

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Why did slave trade become global?

• As Europeans began to colonize the Americas they
  brought diseases which killed up to 90 of the
  natives in some places.

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• When Europeans began establishing plantations to
  grow sugar cane, tobacco and cotton so many of
  the natives had died that they could not find
  enough workers.

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So, how did the Europeans find the workers they
needed?

• Since Africans had acquired immunity to some of
  European diseases that killed so many American
  natives they became the choice of plantation
  owners looking for help growing sugarcane,
  tobacco and cotton.

• Although Africans had enslaved each other before
  the arrival of the Europeans, the European need
  for slaves in the Americas led to increased
  violence and expansion of the slave trade in
  Africa.

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• The transatlantic slave trade globalized the
  labor system of the Americas, and linked Europe,
  the Americas, Africa, and Asia in one single
  network.

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Transcontinental Gold Silver Trade

• Before the 16th century, the worlds four main
  monetary substances were silver, gold, copper and
  various shells.
• Chinas demand for silver during the Ming
  dynasty, however created a global network of
  trade.
• This increased demand for silver began when the
  Ming dynasty began paying salaries and collecting
  taxes in silver creating what some scholars call
  the worlds silver sink.

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• Chinas demand created a ripple effect on world
  trade and drove up the value of silver. Silver
  was typically traded as ingots.

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Meanwhile in Europe

• New ship designs and navigation techniques
  allowed Europeans to bypass the old overland
  routes (Silk Road).
• European demand for Chinese goods such as
  porcelain, tea and silk was high. However, the
  Europeans had virtually nothing to trade that
  China wanted.
• This created a huge trade deficit (importing more
  than a country is exporting) for the Europeans.

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• However, this trade deficit changed with the
  discovery of silver in the Americas.
• Fortunately for the Europeans, the Spanish
  controlled the richest silver mine in the history
  of the world at Potosi in Peru.
• 50,000 Indians were forced to labor in the silver
  mines at Potosi.

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• In addition, the Spanish had discovered how to
  sail from the Americas to China by 1565.
• This began the first continuous and substantial
  trade between the Americas, Asia, Europe and
  Africa.

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• There was huge profit to be made in taking silver
  from the Americas and trading for Chinese luxury
  goods and selling them in Europe and the
  Americas.
• Chinas demand for silver remained at the center
  of the world economic system until about 1750.
• Finally, silver glutted the market and the value
  of silver fell.

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• Likewise, the profits from the circular movement
  of slaves, sugar, tobacco and gold across the
  Atlantic stimulated global economy.
• This movement became known as the Triangular
  Trade.

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Triangular Trade
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Transcontinental Drugs Trade

• Historically goods considered psychoactive drugs
  have been an important part of trade.
• What is a psychoactive drug?
• A drug that affects the mind or behavior
• What substances would be considered psychoactive
  drugs?
• Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, tobacco,
  opiates, cannabis, and some coca products.

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What purpose did drugs serve?

• Psychoactive drugs might first have been used as
  a substance of religious celebration, a token of
  community, or for medicinal purposes.
• Over time, they were transformed into a commodity
  and exploited for profit.

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What is a commodity?

• A commodity is something that is produced for the
  purpose of being exchanged. This is different
  than something that is being produced for use or
  consumption without any thought of being
  exchanged. Can you think of any other examples?

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Drugs become part of global trade

• 17th century-coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, and
  sugar became the most valuable agricultural goods
  in world trade.
• These drugs are often initially outlawed, then
  taxed.
• They formed the basis of colonial empireseven
  today they are a source of revenues (tobacco,
  alcohol)!

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Where did drugs come from and where did they go?

• Liquor, wine, and opium originated in Asia and
  spread to the Americas.
• Tobacco, coca, and cacao originated in the
  Americas and spread to Europe and Asia.

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However

• As some food drugs became popular their
  meanings, uses, and location of production often
  changed.
• Can you think of any examples?

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For example, did you know

• Tea and coffee were popular in China and the
  Middle East because their caffeine helped one to
  stay awake during religious rites?
• Cacao was combined with hot chili peppers for a
  drink that could only be drunk by the Aztec
  elites in Mexico?

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Did you know.

• Coca was first used by the Incas in religious
  rites and for medicinal purposes? It could be
  chewed to alleviate hunger, thirst, and fatigue.
• Tobacco was ingested or smoked as a religious
  drug by American natives?

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Then when it was traded in Europe that changed

• Cacao was mixed with cinnamon and sugar and no
  longer restricted to just the elites. It became
  a commodity.
• Tobacco was no longer used only for religious
  purposes. It became a cash crop and an addictive
  substance. It became a commodity.

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• The impact of the European Atlantic voyages
  became known as the Columbian Exchange,
  referring to the many connections across the
  Atlantic that interconnected the people of
  Africa, America and Europe. (Do you remember
  discussing cultural exchange earlier?)
• This was not just European conquestbut global
  consequences!

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Columbian Exchange
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Globalization

• What is globalization? Globalization is
• Increasing world wide interconnections and
  development of the environment, politics, culture
  and economy. These interconnections have been
  aided by advances in transportation and
  communications.

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Globalization in History

• Has globalization happened in the past?
• http//youthink.worldbank.org/multimedia/gallery/g
  lobalization/slideshow_globalization2007.php

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Globalization of Food

• Drugs/foods that were important commodities
  during this period include
• Sugar
• Tea
• Coffee
• Tobacco
• Chocolate
• Opium
• http//www.learner.org/vod_window.html?pid2159

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Sugar

• Although originating in New Guinea, sugar became
  popular and also very expensive in the Arab
  world. Sugar sold for high prices as a rare
  spice or medicine.
• The growing demand for sugar led Europeans to
  establish cane sugar plantations in the Americas.
• Sugar cultivation required large investments of
  capital and a steady supply of labor.

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• Plantation slavery became the dominant mode of
  production in the tropics and was particularly
  intense in Haiti which imported twice as many
  slaves as the United States.
• The popularity of drinks such as tea and coffee
  among Europeans greatly increased the market for
  sugar, and consequently the need for more slaves.
• Sugar was also used to make rum and to sweeten
  chewing tobacco and chocolate.

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Tea

• The cultivation of tea probably started in China
  and became one of Chinas most valuable exports
  by the 18th century.
• Many Chinese considered it a divine herb which
  purified the spirit.
• Unlike the other drug foods, tea production
  remained an Asian crop for 400 years.

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• It became the national drink of England, an
  industrial and colonial superpower at this time.

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Coffee

• Coffea arabica, a native plant in Ethiopia, was
  made into a beverage around 1400 in the Yemeni
  city of Mocca.
• Muslims adopted it in their worship and spread
  the beverage throughout the Islamic world.
• The café, or coffeehouse, became popular secular
  meeting places in Muslim lands.

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• Coffee did not become popular in Europe until the
  later part of the 18th century. Why?
• Associated with Islam.
• As consumed by the Turks, it was very thick, hot,
  black and unsweetened.
• Very expensive

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• When Viennese refined Turkish coffee, adding
  honey and milk, they made it more attractive to
  Europeans.
• However, the coffee bean was first traded as a
  medicinal drug that could cure sore eyes, dropsy,
  gout, and scurvy.

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• As in the Muslim world, coffeehouses also became
  popular meeting places in Europe to discuss
  business and politics, catch up on news, and as
  meeting places for mens clubs.
• Many rulers were concerned about the political
  discussions that took place there and often
  attempted to restrict coffeehouses.

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• Indian and Arab merchants controlled the trade of
  coffee from Yemen, but lost control when the
  coffee tree diffused to Europe and then finally
  to Latin America.
• Coffee was cultivated first on Haitian
  plantations and, along with sugar, became part of
  the triangular trade.
• After the Haitian Revolution, much coffee
  production went to Brazil.

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Tobacco

• Europeans were first introduced to tobacco when
  they came in to contact with natives smoking it
  in the Americas.
• Sailors eventually tried it and took it back to
  Europe.

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• At first the nonmedical use of tobacco was
  controversial. But even public executions of
  smokers failed to stop its use. By the end of
  the 17th century prohibition had given way to
  regulation and taxation.
• The Spanish began supplying tobacco and had a
  monopoly on the product until colonists in
  Virginia began cultivating the plant. By 1619
  Virginias tobacco sales equaled Spanish sales in
  London.

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Chocolate

• Christopher Columbus was also the first European
  to encounter the cacao bean when he met a Maya
  trading party in 1502.
• The Olmecs first used cacao and in turn passed on
  the custom to the Maya.
• It was prized for its medicinal value as well as
  its taste.
• It was considered a stimulant, intoxicant, and
  hallucinogen as well as a cure for anxiety,
  fever, and coughs.

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• It was used by warriors to help prepare them for
  battle.
• Usually made into a beverage by adding water and
  chile peppers and lime water. Maize was used to
  thicken it.
• It was so valuable it was used as money and even
  sometimes counterfeited!

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• Spanish priests first introduced cocoa beans to
  Europe as a spiritual drink but soon became the
  aristocracys drink of leisure, luxury, and
  distinction.
• Cacao trees were introduced to plantation
  agriculture in Venezuela and Central America and
  then transplanted to the Philippines, Indonesia,
  Brazil, and finally Africa.

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• In early 16th century Spain, chocolate was mixed
  with water, sugar, cinnamon, and vanilla. Two
  centuries later it was finally made with milk and
  this is the product that we recognize as
  chocolate today!

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Opium

• Europe continued to demand Asian products, but
  exported very little to Asia.
• Europes conquest of the New World provided a
  temporary solution as New World gold and silver
  were shipped to Asia.
• By 1700s Europes demand for Asian goods was even
  higher but New World mines were yielding less
  gold and silver.

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So, how was Europe going to pay?

• The British East India Company turned to opium
  which could be produced in its Indian colony.
• If they could trade opium to the Chinese then the
  British could reduce their trade deficit.
• Opium had been used in China as a medicine, but
  rarely as a narcotic.

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• Initially a luxury, the use of opium grew
  twenty-fold between 1729 and 1800. Opium use was
  a problem but not catastrophic.

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• However, a cheaper, more potent blend was
  developed in 1818 greatly increasing the number
  of opium addicts in China.

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• As the number of addicts grew so did the flow of
  silver out of China. Later in the 1800s Great
  Britain and China fought the Opium Wars which
  well study more about in Unit 6.

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Coca

• Coca has been used in the Andes since before the
  Inca.
• By chewing the leaf and adding a bit of lime
  paste, the coca released alkaloids that had an
  effect similar to caffeine. It alleviated
  hunger, thirst, and fatigue.

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• Found in only a few places in the Andes, the coca
  tree was considered a divine plant and used in
  religious rites and medical applications.
• It was burnt by wise men to initiate religious
  ceremonies, offered as a ritual sacrifice. The
  leaves were used to foretell the future and it
  was used to treat digestive problems or to
  cleanse wounds.

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• Cocas social meaning began to change with the
  Spanish quest for silver. Silver mining at
  Potosi demanded tens of thousands of Indian
  laborers to work at 14,000 feet above sea level
  in a frigid, barren landscape.
• The miners suffered cold, hunger, and fatigue
  and they found coca chewing helped alleviate
  their suffering.

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• Modern medicine turned coca into an
  internationally traded commodity in the later
  1800s.
• Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and later as a
  pain killer, was derived from coca.
• Coca-Cola, combined cocaine and the kola nut for
  medicinal purposes. (Decocainized coca was used
  for the drink until 1948 when coca was omitted
  altogether.)

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Lets Review

• What types of trade became global during this
  period?
• What was the Columbian Exchange and Triangular
  Trade?
• What is a commodity?
• What is cultural exchange and globalization?
• What food/drug commodities were most valuable?
• How did the purpose, use and production change?

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Remember

• It wasnt until these drugs came to Europe that
  they became commodities.
• Tea
• Coffee
• Tobacco
• Chocolate
• Opium
• Coca