The French and Indian War

1
The French and Indian War
2
Was 1763 a "turning point" in
British-colonial relationships???
3
Competing European Claims

• In the middle of the 18th century, France and
  England had competing claims for land in North
  America.
• The French held trapping and trade routes in the
  Ohio Valley.
• The English colonies were encroaching on French
  territory are the population grew.
• They also competed over trade issues with the
  Native Americans in the disputed region.

4
North America in 1750
5
1754 ? The First Clash
The Ohio Valley
British
French
Fort Necessity Fort
Duquesne George Washington
Delaware Shawnee
Indians
6
The Battle of Fort Necessity

• The French set up forts to protect their fur
  trading interests.
• Some of these forts conflicted with English
  claims.
• Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young
  George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to
  the French. This protest was ignored.
• The British sent a party to construct a fort on
  the site of modern Pittsburg.

Young George Washington
7
The Battle of Fort Necessity
A re-creation of Ft. Necessity.

• The force was driven off by the French who, in
  turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
• The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to
  expel the French from the site. Washington was
  quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native
  American numbers.
• Washington had to retreat to the hastily
  constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to
  surrender shortly there after. This incident was
  a prelude to the French and Indian War.

8
The Albany Congress

• Governing of the colonies
• The council would be comprised of elected
  representatives
• political union unlikely and British government
  would not have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
9
From the Albany Plan of Union (1754)
From the Constitution (1787)

• the Presidenthe shall take care that the laws
  be faithfully executed
• the Presidentshall have power, by and with
  the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
  treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
  present concur
• Congress will regulate Commerce with foreign
  Nations, and among the several States, and with
  the Indian Tribes
• Congress will raise and support ArmiesTo
  provide and maintain a Navy
• The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect
  Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises

• 9. That the assent of the President-General be
  requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and
  that it be his office and duty to cause them to
  be carried into execution.
• 10. That the President-General, with the advice
  of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian
  treaties and make peace or declare war with
  Indian nations.
• 11. That they make such laws as they judge
  necessary for regulating all Indian trade.
• 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build
  forts for the defence of any of the Colonies
• 16. That for these purposes they have power to
  make laws, and lay and levy such general duties,
  imposts, or taxes

10
1755 ? Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in
No. Amer.
Gen. Edward Braddock ? evict the French from the
OH Valley Canada (Newfoundland Nova Scotia)

• Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, Acadia.

• Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne ? by 1500
  French and Indian forces.

Only Br. Success ? expelled France
from Louisiana.
CAJUNS
11
Braddocks Defeat

• In July 1755, the British sent a force from
  Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne.
• force defeated
• Braddock, and the French commander Beaujeu, were
  killed.
• 23 year old George Washington won accolades

12
1756 ? War Is Formally Declared!
Lord Loudouin
Marquis de Montcalm
Native American tribes exploited both sides!
13
The Seven Years War in Europe

• The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to
  1763.

14
British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics.

Methods ofFighting

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of
  colonials.

• Col. militias served under own captains.

MilitaryOrganization

• No mil. deference or protocols observed.

MilitaryDiscipline

• Drills tough discipline.

• Colonists should pay for their own defense.

• Resistance to rising taxes.

Finances

• Prima Donna Br. officers with servants
  tea settings.

• Casual, non-professionals.

Demeanor
15
Fortunes Reverse

• In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became
  the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead
  country to victory.
• Pitt concentrated on
• expelling the French from North America
• buying the cooperation by the colonists by
  stimulating the North American economy with a
  massive infusion of British currency
• buying the support of the Native Americans with
  promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

16
Fortunes Reverse

• devastated the Cherokee to the South and began
  capturing strategic French forts and cutting off
  their supply lines.
• The British conquered Quebec in 1759.
• In 1760, they captured Montreal.
• In the final years of the war, the British
  defeated the French Navy and took French colonies
  in the Caribbean.

17
French Defeat Treaty of Easton

• The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758
• British promised the Six Iroquois Nations to stop
  settlements west of the Alleghenies in exchange
  for their neutrality in the war.
• French abandon Fort Duquesne and, by 1760,
  Detroit and Montreal

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The Treaty of Paris
19
1763 ? Treaty of Paris
France --gt lost her Canadian possessions, most of
her empire in India, and claims to lands east of
the Mississippi River.
Spain --gt got all French lands west of the
Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida
to England.
England --gt got all French lands in Canada,
exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and
commercial dominance in India.
20
North America in 1763
21
(No Transcript)
22
Pontiac's Rebellion

• Unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac with
  the goal of expelling the British.
• The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
• Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides
  most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst
  gave the Native Americans blankets infested with
  smallpox.

23
Chief Pontiac Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)

• It is important that we exterminate from our
  lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us.
  You see as well as I do that we can no longer
  supply our needs, as we have done from our
  brothers, the French. The English sells us goods
  twice as dear as the French do, and their goods
  do not last.
• When I go to see the English commander and
  say to him that some of our comrades are dead,
  instead of bewailing their death, as our French
  brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I
  ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with
  the reply that he has no use for us.
• Are we not men like them? What do we fear?
  It is time.

24
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
25
Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the
Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged Englands debt.
3. Britains contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that amajor
reorganization of her American Empire was
necessary!
26
Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for
the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for
all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the
British that would only intensify.
27
George Grenvilles Program, 1763-1765
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Currency Act - 1764
3. Quartering Act - 1765
4. Stamp Act - 1765
28
Theories of Representation
Real Whigs
Q-gt What was the extent of Parliaments
authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR Limited?
Q-gt How could the colonies give or
withhold consent for parliamentary
legislation when they did not have
representation in that body??
29
Stamp Act Crisis
Loyal Nine - 1765
Sons of Liberty began in NYCSamuel

Adams
Stamp Act Congress 1765 Stamp Act
Resolves
Declaratory Act 1766
30
Townshend Duties Crisis 1767-1770
1767 ? William Pitt, P. M. Charles
Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.

• Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts
  quartering of troops ? paying col. govt.
  salaries.

• He diverted revenue collection from internal
  to external trade.

• Tax these imports ? paper, paint,
  lead, glass, tea.

• Increase custom officials at American ports
  ? established a Board of Customs in Boston.

31
Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson ? 1768 Letters from
a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
2. 1768 ? 2nd non-importation
movement Daughters of Liberty
spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents John
Hancocks ship, the Liberty.
4000 British troops sent to Boston.
32
For the first time, many colonists began calling
people who joined the non-importation movement,
"patriots!"
33
Photo and Text Citations
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washington/case.07/07e.jpg Slide 3
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t5-27.jpg Slide 6 http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/us
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b/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpg Slide 13
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763-75.jpg Slide 14 http//www.u-s-history.com/p
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