Injuries

1
Injuries

• http//utpo.lf1.cuni.cz
• firstaid.lf1_at_gmail.cz (password firstaid)
• jana.heczkova_at_ftn.cz
• Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of
  Medicine,
• Institute of Theory and Practice of Nursing

2
SHOCK

• Mechanism
• Heart ? Pump failure
• Blood vessels ? Pipe failure
• Blood ? Fluid loss

• Causes
• Bleeding
• Burns
• Head and spine injuries
• Chest, abdominal and pelvic injuries
• Heart attack
• Asthma
• Poisoning

3
SHOCK

• Initially
• Rapid pulse
• Rapid breathing
• Pale, cold, clammy skin, lips and nail beds
• Sweating
• As shock develops
• Grey-blue skin (cyanosis), especially
  inside the lips
• Weakness and dizziness
• Nausea and possibly vomiting
• Thirst
• Breathing is shallow
• Weak thready pulse
• As the brains oxygen supply weakens
• Altered mental status
• Restlessness and aggressiveness
• Gasping for air
• Unconsciousness

• Mechanism
• Signs

4
SHOCK

• Mechanism
• Signs
• First aid interventions

• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

5
BLEEDING

• newborn baby 5 year 10 year 15
  year adult
• Blood 700 1400
  2000 3800 5000
• volume (ml)
• 20 140 280
  400 760 1000

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BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening
• Haemorrhage
• Arterial
• Venous
• Capillary

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BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure

8
BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure
• Elevation

9
BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure bandage

10
BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure bandage
• Pressure point

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BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure bandage
• Pressure point
• Tourniquet

12
BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• Gloves
• Expose wound
• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure bandage
• Pressure point
• Tourniquet

• Amputation

13
BLEEDING

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Bleeding from body opening

• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree
• Risk
• Severity

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree (superficial)
• Second degree
• Third degree

17
BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree (superficial)
• Second degree (partial-thickness)
• Third degree (full-thickness)

18
BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree (superficial)
• Second degree (partial-thickness)
• Third degree (full-thickness)

19
BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree (superficial)
• Second degree (partial-thickness)
• Third degree (full-thickness)
• Risk
• Severity

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical

• First Aid Interventions

• Stop burning
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Cooling
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical

• First Aid Interventions

• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Remove chemicals
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

22
BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical

• First Aid Interventions

• Safety!!!
• Assess - CPR
• Treat Cause
• Cooling
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

• Risk

• VF cardiac arrest
• Respiratory arrest
• Muscle spasm

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds
• Fractures
• Brain injuries

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds
• Fractures
• Brain injuries

• Scalp
• Facial

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds
• Fractures
• Brain injuries

• Cranium
• Base

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds
• Fractures
• Brain injuries

• Concussion
• Contusion
• Compression

• First Aid Interventions
• Assess - CPR
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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SPINAL INJURIES

• Responsive victim
• Unresponsive victim
• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Avoid unnecessary movement
• Treat for shock

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CHEST INJURIES

• Injuries to the chest wall
• Open
• Closed
• Lung injury

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CHEST INJURIES

• Rib fracture
• Flail chest
• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Support chest wall
• Treat for shock

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CHEST INJURIES

• Hemothorax
• Pneumothorax
• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Seal the wound
• Treat for shock
• Position

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Closed injuries
• Open injuries

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Closed injuries
• Open injuries
• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Treat for shock

• Blow to the abdomen

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Closed injuries
• Open injuries
• Penetrating wound
• Protruding organs

• First Aid Interventions
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• dressing
• Treat for shock

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Sprains
• Strains
• Open wounds

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• Signs

• DOTS
• Deformity
• Open wounds
• Tenderness
• Swelling

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• Signs

• CSM
• Circulation
• Sensation
• Movement

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• First Aid Interventions
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation

38
Practice Log-rolling technique

39
RESOURCES

• National Safety Council FIRST AID AND CPR.
• Chapleau, W., Pons, P. (2007) EMERGENCY MEDICAL
  TECHNICIAN. St. Louis Elsevier
• Caroline, N. (2007) EMERGENCY CARE IN THE STREET.
  6th ed. London Jones and Bartlett
• http//www.orthonurse.org/portals/0/spine20trauma
  .pdf
• http//www.itim.nsw.gov.au/index.cfm?objectidB87D
  2A77-1321-1C29-70E6185019A27B4E