Chapter 11: Helping, Cooperation

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Chapter 11Helping, Cooperation Conflict

• November 28th, 2000

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Citing Resources

• ALL reference materials must be properly cited in
  written work. This includes, but is not limited
  to
• Direct quotes from books, articles, newspapers
  and websites
• Reference to ideas/thoughts of other people other
  than yourself
• Conversations with people
• Information from text book
• Information from personal correspondence

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Format in text

• Direct Quote
• While pure altruism seems to be relatively rare,
  it is clear that people do frequently engage in
  prosocial behaviour (Greenberg 340).
• While pure altruism seems to be relatively rare,
  it is clear that people do frequently engage in
  prosocial behaviour1.
• Reference to thoughts/ideas
• According to Greenberg, organizational
  citizenship behaviour can be categorized under 5
  headings (Greenberg 340).
• Organizational citizenship behaviour can be
  categorized under 5 headings (Greenberg 340).
• Organizational citizenship behaviour can be
  categorized under 5 headings 1.

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APA Citation Style Examples Print

• A Book Harnack, A. Kleppinger, E. (1997).
  Online! The Internet guide for students and
  writers. New York St. Martin's Press, Inc.
• A Journal Article Hartnagel, T. (1998).
  Labour-market problems and crime in the
  transition from school to work. The Canadian
  Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 35(4),
  435-459.
• A Magazine Article Chidley, J. (1998, June 8).
  Viagra fever. Maclean's, 111(23), 14-21.
• A Newspaper Article Anderssen, E. (1999, January
  5). Seal cull touted by Newfoundland study. The
  Globe and Mail, p. A4.

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APA Citation Style Examples Electronic

• Reference to Email Communications need only be
  cited in text as follows (personal
  communication, March 28, 2000).
• If goal is to direct readers to a whole site, it
  is sufficient to provide whole address within the
  text
• E.g. Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive web
  site for children (http//www.kidspsych.org).

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APA Citation Style Examples Electronic

• A Specific Document on a Web Site
• De Koninck, J. (1998, November 10). Everything
  about operation red nose. Quebec, Que.
  Universite Laval. Retrieved January 7, 1999 from
  the World Wide Web http//www.ulaval.ca/nezrouge/
  TOUT/touteng.htm
• A Journal Article from an Electronic Database on
  the Web
• Felsenstein, D. Freeman, D. (1998). Simulating
  the impacts of gambling in a tourist location
  some evidence from Israel. Journal of Travel
  Research, 37(2), 145-156. Retrieved January 7,
  1999 from EBSCOhost database (Business Source
  Elite) on the World Wide Web http//www.epnet.com
  /ehost/login.html

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For more information.

• UNB Librairies APA Citation Style Examples
• http//www.lib.unb.ca/library/instruction/Citation
  .html
• Electronic reference formats recommended by the
  American Psychological Association
• http//www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

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Helping in Organizations

• How often do you think people do things without
  expecting anything in return?
• Organizational Citizenship Behaviour actions by
  organization members that exceed the formal
  requirements of their job and are, therefore,
  above and beyond the call of duty (p. 340).
• Categories
• Altruism
• Conscientiousness
• Civic Virtue
• Being a good sport
• Courtesy

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Whistle-Blowing

• Definition Calling attention to actions or
  practices that are inconsistent with established
  organizational norms or policies.
• Example The Insider (1999)

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Discussion Question 1

• Do you think Jeffrey Wigand was justified in
  coming forward with his information? What would
  the implications have been had he kept them a
  secret?

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Cooperation in Organizations

• Individual Factors
• Reciprocity
• Trust
• Cognition-based beliefs about others
  reliability
• Affect-based emotional bond between individuals
• Personal orientations
• Competitors doing better than others
• Individualists little interest in outcomes of
  others
• Cooperators maximizing joint outcomes
• Equalizers ensuring equality amongst members
• Individualism vs. collectivism

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Cooperation in Organizations

• Organizational Factors
• Reward system
• Interdependence among employees
• Interorganizational Coordination
• Consortium
• Virtual organizations
• Strategic alliances

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Conflict

• Definition a process that begins when
  individuals or groups perceive that others have
  taken or will soon take actions incompatible with
  their own major interests (p. 348).
• Basic dimensions distribution and integration
• Competing
• Collaborating
• Avoiding
• Accommodating
• compromising

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Causes of conflict

• Organizational
• Competition over scarce resources
• Ambiguity over jurisdiction
• Ambiguity over jurisdiction
• Personal
• Grudges
• Faulty attributions
• Faulty communication
• Inappropriate criticism
• Distrust
• Personal characteristics

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Discussion Question 2

• Read Case in Point page 362.
• What could the universitys administration have
  done to prevent the tragedy at Concordia?
• Is all conflict bad and does it all result in
  negative behaviour?

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Conflict Management

• Bargaining and negotiation
• Mediation and arbitration
• Induction of subordinate goals eliminate us
  vs. them