The Policy of Containment

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The Policy of Containment

• Chapter 26 Section 2
• 6.0 Notes

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Objectives

• Contrast and compare the leadership styles of
  President Roosevelt and Truman
• Explain the overall goal of the Containment
  Policy
• Identify and explain the individual components of
  the Containment Policy
• Evaluate the success of Trumans enforcement of
  the Containment Policy

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Who would lead the U.S. during the Cold War?

• President Harry Truman
• Honest and willing to make tough decisions
• Not in the inner circle
• No nonsense approach with Soviets
• Plain speaker

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Truman taking the oath of office
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Truman as President?

• Time to stop babying the Soviets
• Replaced FDRs diplomatic advisers with hard-line
  team
• Goals
• Maintain U.S. military superiority
• Prevent communism from spreading

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What was the Truman Doctrine?

• It must be the policy of the United States to
  support free peoples who are resisting attempted
  subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
  pressure - HST

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What was the situation in Greece and Turkey?

• Greece civil war
• Turkey insurgents coming across the border
• Great Britain announced withdrawal of economic
  and military aid to Greece
• U.S. feared Soviet involvement
• Senator Vandenbergs advice to Truman

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How and where was the Truman Doctrine applied?

• 400 million
• Greece and Turkey
• Economic and military aid
• Truman warned the American people of the serious
  threat to national security posed by Soviet
  influence
• Committed the U.S. to the role of world policeman

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What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine?

• Generated distrust against the Soviet Union and
  popular support for the campaign against
  communism at home and abroad
• Truman would be able to wield executive power to
  control legislation similar to wartime power
• U.S. declared the right to intervene to save
  other countries from communist subversion

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Who was George Kennan?

• U.S. diplomat in Moscow
• Said we should draw the line with Moscow
• Described the inevitability of conflict with the
  Soviet Union

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What were the conditions in Europe after WWII?

• Western Europe in chaos
• Factories were bombed and looted
• Refugee displaced persons camps
• Winter of 1946-7 worst in over a century
• a rubble heap a charnel house, a breeding
  ground for pestilence and hate - Churchill

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What was the Marshall Plan?

• European Recovery Program
• Secretary of State George Marshall
• 13 billion in economic aid to 17 countries
  1948-1951
• Britain, France, and W. Germany received over
  half
• Ratified GATT reduced commercial barriers among
  member nations and opened trade to U.S.

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The Marshall Plan becomes law
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Why should the U.S. give 13 billion in aid?

• Fear of political consequences of total
  disintegration of Europes economy
• Aimed at turning back socialist and communist
  bids for power in northern and western Europe

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How successful was the Marshall Plan?

• Created a climate favorable to capitalism
• Industrial production up 200 1947-1952
• Standard of living rose
• Western Europe became a major center of American
  trade and investment

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What was Stalins reaction?

• Stalin denounced the plan
• Said Marshall Plan was an American scheme to
  rebuild Germany and to bring it into an
  anti-Soviet bloc

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What was the Iron Curtain?

• Winston Churchill Fulton, Missouri -1946
• Declared the iron curtain
• New battlefront of the Cold War
• Divided the capitalist West from the communist
  East
• Stalin called the speech a call to war

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How was Germany treated after WWII?

• Germany divided into 4 zones
• U.S., British, French, and Soviet
• Berlin divided in the same way
• 1948 U.S., G.B., and France combined their
  zones in Germany and Berlin
• W. Berlin was surrounded by Soviet occupied
  territory
• S.U. closed all highway and rail routes into W.
  Berlin

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What was the significance of the Berlin Airlift
Operation Vittles?

• 2.1 million residents of Berlin had enough food
  and fuel for 5 weeks
• America and Britain flew in food and supplies
• 2.3 million tons of food, fuel, medicine, even
  Christmas presents
• 277,000 flights over 327 days

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• May, 1949 Soviet Union gave up
• W. Germany ? Federal Republic of Germany
• E. Germany? German Democratic Republic

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Candy Bomber
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Last Vittles Flight
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NATO

• Blockade increased W. European fears of Soviet
  aggression
• April 1949 12 members pledged military support
  to one another in case any member was attacked

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• U.S., Canada 10 European nations
• 1st peace-time military alliance for the U.S.
• 1.3 billion in military aid and creation of U.S.
  bases overseas

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What policies shaped the Cold War?

• Truman Doctrine ideological basis of
  containment
• Marshall Plan economic
• NATO military enforcement

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How was Japan treated after the war?

• Military occupation General Douglas MacArthur
• Interim government ?reforms
• Land reform
• Creation of independent trade unions
• Abolition of contract marriages
• Womens suffrage
• Demilitarization
• Constitutional democracy barred communists

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General Douglas MacArthur
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What were the consequences of these reforms?

• Rebuilt Japanese economy - capitalist
• Integrated Japan into the anti-Soviet bloc
• 1952 Japan received sovereignty and agreed to
  house U.S. troops and weapons
• Cultivated new business leaders
• Japan could not trade with the Soviet Union or
  later with Red China

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What about the Philippines?

• 1946 formal independence
• U.S. retained major naval bases
• U.S. kept influence over Filipino foreign affairs

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What were the origins of the conflict in China?

• Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) Nationalist
  leader
• Mao Zedong Communist leader
• Civil war for 20 years
• Jiang supported by the U.S. but corrupt and did
  not win the favor of the peasants and city
  dwellers
• When WWII ended fighting resumed between the
  nationalists and communists

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Jiang Jieshi
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Mao Zedong
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China.

• U.S. tried to help negotiate a settlement between
  the two factions
• Advised Jiang to institute reforms
• Gave 3 billion in aid to Nationalists
• Mao had the support of 85 of the people
• Mid 1949 majority of Jiangs troops surrendered
• Jiang retreated to Taiwan (Formosa)

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What was the reaction to the loss of China?

• Shock dismay
• the worst defeat the United States has suffered
  in its history John Foster Dulles
• Republicans blamed Truman
• Truman blamed Jiang
• Conservatives who thought the future lay in Asia
  blamed the State Department said they were
  pro-communist

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What was our atomic policy?

• Truman relied on our monopoly of atomic weapons
  to pressure the Soviets to cooperate
• After the war many wanted control of atomic power
  by the U.N.
• An American plan was submitted and rejected by
  the Soviets
• America put aside plans for international
  cooperation

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U.S. atomic energy policy?

• 1946 Atomic Energy Act
• Atomic Energy Commission control of all research
  and development according to strictest standards
  of national security
• U.S. stockpiled weapons and conducted tests 50
  bombs
• Believed Soviets nowhere close to nuclear
  capability

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Buster Dog Test, NV
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Then what happened?

• August, 1949 the Soviet Union tested their
  first A-bomb
• Then we both tested hydrogen bombs
• 1000x greater than Hiroshima
• Stockpiled more bombs and put nuclear warheads on
  missiles ? nuclear arms race
• loss of China Russian bomb Hysteria

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Castle Bravo, Bikini Atoll March 1956
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Nuclear Test Sites in the 1950s