Benchmarking Urban Air Quality Management in Asian Cities

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Benchmarking Urban Air Quality Management in
Asian Cities
Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian,
CAI-Asia Secretariat Gary Haq, and Dieter
Schwela, Stockholm Environment Institute
Lahore Clean Air Workshop 13-15 December
2004 Lahore, Pakistan
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Overview of Presentation

• CAI-Asia
• Air Quality Management Context in Asia
• Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in
  Asia
• Benchmarking of Air Quality Management
  Capabilities in Asia

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Part 1

• CAI-Asia

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CAI-Asia

• The Clean Air Initiative promotes and
  demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air
  quality of Asian Cities through sharing
  experiences and building partnership
• Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality
  management
• Capacity building
• Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the
  regional level
• Assisting cities in formulating and implementing
  integrated air quality management systems
• Piloting projects to encourage innovation

Create an Air Quality Management Community in
Asia
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CAI-Asia Membership
CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengd
u,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,
Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong
, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet
Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hong
Kong, SAR, China Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakist
an Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philipp
ines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai,
India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune,
India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,
PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia
NGAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board,
India Australia Department of Environment and
Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central
Pollution Control Board, India Department of
Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests,
Ecology and Envt, Karnataka State,
India Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Philippines Department of Energy,
Philippines Department of Transportation and
Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport
Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental
Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of
Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment,
Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport,
Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, India Pollution Control Department,
Thailand State Environmental Protection
Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam
Register, Viet Nam

• 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development
Bank Australian Department for Environment and
Heritage German Agency for Technical
Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation United States-Asia Environmental
Partnership Sida World Bank
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor
Shell Company CDT
Inc. ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member AVL
Corning ETI ACFA DEKRA
ESP Cerulean EMITEC IPIECA MAHA SGS
JM
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What does CAI-Asia do ?
Knowledge Management

• cleanairnet.org/caiasia

• CAI-Asia Listserv

• Benchmarking Study
• AQM Best Practices

Capacity Building

• CATNet Asia

• Distance learning course

• Special Training Courses

Regional Policy and Standards

• Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia

• CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue

• Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia

Integrated Air Quality Strategies

• Country and City based AQM strategies

• Country and city based local networks

Pilot Projects

• PAPA Project
• Poverty and Air Pollution

• Diesel
• Emission Factor Development

• PSUTA (sustainable transport)
• Fuel additives

Workshops

• BAQ 2002
• BAQ 2003
• BAQ 2004

• Sustainable Transport, Vietnam
• Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai

• Heating, Ulaanbaatar
• Clean Air Congress, London

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Part 2

• The Air Quality Management Context in Asia

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Air Quality Management Status
AQM Status Asia

• Drivers trends with respect to factors
  contributing to increase/decrease in emissions
• Pressure trends with respect to emissions from
  different sources
• State trends with respect to concentrations of
  pollutants in the atmosphere
• Impact trends with respect to health,
  environmental and economic impacts
• Response trends with respect to the development
  of capacity to manage air quality
• Air quality measurement capacity
• Data assessment and availability
• Emissions estimates
• Management enabling capabilities

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Urbanization
AQM Status Asia drivers
Motorization
Source United Nations, World Urbanization
Prospects, The 1999 Revision.
Energy consumption
Vehicle growth scenario China
Source Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003
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Emissions and Change in Technology
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically
reduced lead being emitted per vehicle

• Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has
  contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban
  areas in China.

Source BAQ 2002
Source Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002
Although there is strong growth in motorization,
the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has
slowed down the overall growth in emissions and
there is considerable potential to slow down the
increase in emissions from transport even further
Source CAI-Asia statistics 2004
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Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (1990
- 1999) in selected Asian Cities (AMIS Database)
SO2 Guideline 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SPM
SO2
SPM Guidelines 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
NO2
PM10
NO2 Guideline 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
PM10 Limit 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
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Average Annual Air Pollution Concentrations (2000
- 2003) in selected Asian Cities
SO2 Guideline 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SPM
SO2
SPM Guidelines 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
NO2
PM10
NO2 Guideline 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
PM10 Limit 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
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2000 2003 compared with 1990 1999 Air Quality
Data
Note - about 5 increase - about
5decrease ? - lack of data
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Annual Averages of Criteria Pollutants in Asian
Cities (1992 - 2003)
Source PCD, 2004
Source SEMC, 2004
Source EPD, 2004
Source ESMAP, 2004
Source NEA, 2004
Source ESMAP, 2004
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Health Effects and Health Costs
AQM Status Asia Impact
Exposure Risks
Exposure Risks
Health Effects
Number of Premature Deaths
Asian
Global
Risks
Asian
Global
Risks
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
Water
Water
487,000
799,000
Urban
487,000
799,000
Urban
Outdoor Air
Outdoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
Source Greenbaum and OKeefe, BAQ 2003
Source WHO, 2002
Health Costs
Health Costs
(per year)
(per year)
Manila US392M
Manila US392M


Shanghai US880M
Shanghai US880M


Bangkok US424M
Bangkok US424M


India US14 to 191.6M
India US14 to 191.6M


Jakarta US 100 M
Jakarta US 100 M


Source ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing
Vehicle Emissions
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Part 3

• Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in
  Asia

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A Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia
Aim To provide a regional approach to improving
urban air quality by facilitating the setting of
air quality priorities and providing direction on
institutional development and capacity enhancement
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Target Group of the Strategic Framework

• Governmental authorities
• Judiciary
• Private sector
• Civil society
• NGOs
• Media
• Academia
• Development agencies

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Strategic Framework Objectives

• Guide decision-makers and stakeholders in Asia in
  the formulation and implementation of AQM
  strategies and programmes
• Provide a broad, high-level approach that is
  flexible and adaptable to the needs of different
  countries/cities
• Highlight the most important components of a
  comprehensive AQM system in a rational and
  systematic manner

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Key Sections of the Framework

• Air Quality Policies
• 2. Air Quality Governance
• 3. Emissions
• 4. Air Quality Monitoring
• 5. Air Quality Modelling
• 6. Health, Environmental Economic Risk
  Assessments
• 7. Financing of AQM

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Strategic Framework Outline (1)
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Strategic Framework Outline (2)
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Strategic Framework Outline (3)
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Part 4

• Benchmarking of Air Quality Management
  Capabilities in Asia

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Benchmarking of AQM capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
AQM Questionnaire

• AQM Profile
• 15-20 page document
• general information
• description of pollution sources
• Air Quality Data
• Impacts of air pollution
• Policies, Programs and Projects
• Conclusions

• Review
• Both city profile and questionnaire to be
  reviewed by air quality experts in the city
• Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and
  ADB, etc)

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AQM Indicator Ratings
AQM Status Asia Response
Emissions estimates
Data assessment and availability
Management enabling capabilities
Air quality measurement capacity

• Chronic health effects
• Acute health effects (continuous 24-hour
  monitoring)
• AQ trends
• Spatial distribution
• Kerbside concentration
• Data quality

• Analysis of data
• Data dissemination

• Legislation on AQ standards
• Utilization of AQ information

• Total emissions of pollutants
• Accuracy of emissions estimates
• Availability of emissions estimates
• Emissions estimates from different sources

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3
8
8
11
2.5
17
6
3
9
3
2
2.5
11
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Air Quality Measurement Capacity AQM Capability
Indices
AQM Status Asia Response

• Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked
  in a network
• Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not
  (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5
• QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most
  cases

Legend Minimal ? Limited ??
Moderate ??? Good ???? Excellent
?????
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Data Assessment and Availability AQM Capability
Indices
AQM Status Asia Response

• A few cities have APIs, but not all publish AQ
  information on a regular basis. APIs in most
  cases do not include pollutants of concern such
  as PM10 or Ozone.
• Cities with API do not appear to use API as
  management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts
• Comprehensive overview of air quality data in
  Asia is not available

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AQM Status Asia Response
Emissions estimates AQM Capability Indices

• Inventories in many of the cases were conducted
  by outside groups academe or consulting firms
• Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly
• Reliability of activity data and Emission factors
  used is questionable for many of the cities
• Caution in using current emission estimates as
  basis for policy development

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AQM Status Asia Response
Management Enabling capabilitiesAQM Capability
Indices

• AQ ambient standards are in place and generally
  follow WHO guidelines
• Emission standards are in place but enforcement
  generally weak
• Mobile sources of pollution receive
  disproportionate attention compared to area
  sources and stationary sources.

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AQM Management Capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo and
Taipei
Stage 5 Excellent capacity. AQM is a routine
activity well established local institutional
capacity typically stable AQ levels and under
WHO guidelines and NAAQS strong emphasis on
pollution prevention AQ and emission standards
are routinely enforced.
Stage 4 Mature capacity. AQM is increasingly
comprehensive and well structured external,
donor involvement limited only to special areas
AQ levels approaching WHO guidelines as well as
NAAQS continuous AQ monitoring development of
medium-term AQM strategies emerging emphasis on
prevention of pollution enforcement of standards
becoming standard practice
Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, New Delhi and Shanghai
Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Manila
and Mumbai
Stage 3 Evolving capacity. Systematic approach
to AQM being put in place, often with still
extensive foreign support AQ monitoring
increasingly through continuous monitoring air
pollution levels high but stable more structured
approach to enforcement emerging.
Dhaka, Hanoi, Surabaya and Yogyakarta
Stage 2 Basic capacity. Initial legislation,
standards and control measures heavy dependence
on foreign support AQ levels high and still
increasing few, often manual type stations for
monitoring often very weak AQ regulations
enforcement
Stage 1 Minimal capacity. No established AQM
capacity increasing air pollution levels no
comprehensive AQ legislation and standards
limited ad-hoc AQ monitoring and pollution control
Colombo and Karachi
Classification according to stages is based on AQ
capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City
profile.
Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
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Conclusion

• Cities with high levels of economic activity and
  well-developed AQM systems tend to have better
  air quality than those cities with a poorly
  developed AQM system
• More emphasis needs to be given to the
  development of standard methodologies for
  conducting emission inventories and source
  apportionment studies
• The identified stages of development in terms of
  AQM capability can assist cities in setting
  priorities and developing strategies for
  strengthening their AQM capability
• This Benchmarking Study is a useful tool for
  policy-makers and AQM experts, but methodologies
  should be modified to adapt to the current
  situation and new priorities in AQM