The Catholic Reformation 1550-1650

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The Catholic Reformation1550-1650
St. Peters Basilica, Rome
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AN AGE OF VICIOUS RELIGIOUS WARFARE

• 1524 German Peasants Rebellion (Inspired by
  Luther, peasants rebel Luther, shocked, calls
  for their repression)
• 1546-7 - Schmalkaldic War (Lutherans v. Catholics
  in Germany)

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AN AGE OF VICIOUS RELIGIOUS WARFARE

• 1525 gt Persecution of the Anabaptists (Everyone
  opposes the Anabaptists)

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The Anabaptists

• The most radical of the Reform groups
• Adult baptism only
• Pacifism (some groups)
• Opposition to all Governments
• Women ordination
• Property in common
• Persecuted by Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists

Anabaptists being drowned
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AN AGE OF VICIOUS RELIGIOUS WARFARE

• 1562-93 - French Civil War (Catholic vs.
  Protestant multiple vendettas shifting
  alliances)
• 1565-1609 - Dutch Rebellion (Protestant Dutch v.
  Catholic Spanish)

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Paris, 1572
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AN AGE OF VICIOUS RELIGIOUS WARFARE

• 1618-48 - Thirty Years War (Everybody v.
  Everybody in shifting chaotic alliances)
• 1642-1660 English Civil War (Protestant
  Anglicans v. Protestant Calvinists)

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Far from collapsing, the Catholic Church
survived , partly via repression, but also
because , in the 1500s 1600s, the Catholic
church underwent a dramatic renewal the
Catholic Reformation.
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Two related movements

• COUNTER-REFORMATION repression of Protestant
  dissidents

• CATHOLIC REFORMATION energetic effort to renew
  the Catholic tradition

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I. From Counter-Reformation to Catholic
Reformation
Council of Trent, 1545-1563
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Doctrine Tridentine Catholicism

• Reaction to the Reformation
• Here is who we
• are
• And here is who we arent!
• Trent will be definitive until the 1960s

Personal diary of a participant in the Council
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Trents documents define Catholicism for the next
4 centuries
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Leadership Reforming Popes

• Determined to both defend traditional Catholicism
• And clean house
• Pope Paul III (1534-49)
• Pope Pius IV (1559-65)
• Pope Pius V (1566-72)

Pope Paul III (1534-49) (Alessandro Farnese)
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Grassroots Revival (1) prayer and (2) ministry

• Philip Neri (1515-95)
• Italian Roman street preacher
• Creates "Prayer Centers" ("Oratories")
• 1564 Society of Oratorians
• Ministry care of pilgrims care of poor
  Spiritual revival

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Teresa of Avila (1515-82)

• Spanish
• reformer of womens organizations
• preacher, writer
• key agent in Spanish church reform
• Mystic extensive writings on prayer

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Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa (1652)
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John of the Cross (1542-91)

• Student of Teresa of Avila Teacher writer
  poet Like Teresa, a mystic

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Francis de Sales (1567-1622)

• Priest preacher writer Catholic Bishop of
  Calvinist Geneva!
• Extensive writings on the spiritual life, for
  instance Introduction to the Devout Life

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Jane de Chantal (1572-1641)

• Friend co-worker of Francis de Sales ministry
  to women organizer of womens groups

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Example Salesian spirituality

• Humanity is fallen, not totally depraved
• Salvation is offered to everyone
• Grace as a gift is resistible
• Focus on sanctification living the Christian
  life

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Example Salesian spirituality

• Sanctification is for every Christian, not just
  the clergy
• One key the little virtues of daily life
• Aim Vive Jesus! Living Jesus
• Intimacy is not head to head but heart to
  heart focus on the Sacred Heart of Jesus

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II. The Catholic Reformation

• TRENT clarified the Catholic position
• Reforming Popes were open to some change
• Grassroots revival provided energy
• THE JESUITS became key actors

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Soldier At 29, Recovering from wounds, intense
conversion experience 30s Joins ministry Forms
study group the Company of Jesus (English
the Society of Jesus)
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
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The Gesù Church, Rome
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Loyolas Mission

• Mobilize military virtues (courage, obedience)
  for ministry
• Modernize Reform the ancient church
• Evangelize in the most dangerous places in the
  world

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Francis Xavier (1506-52)
The Mission to Asia
LOYOLA XAVIER
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Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) the mission to China
eat, dress, speak, live like a Chinese person
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How do you translate Hebrew, Greek ideas
experiences into Chinese?
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Dont wait for people to come to you GO TO
THEM! Go to the most remote dangerous Native
American groups Mission to the Hurons Be a
Huron to the Hurons speak Huron, eat, dress,
like a Huron
Jean de Brébeuf (1593-1649)
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Brébeuf was captured and killed by the Hurons
enemies, the Iroquois Meanwhile, more Jesuits
work to spread the Gospel among the Iroquois
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Roberto De Nobili (1577-1655) Mission to
India Live like a Hindu philosopher
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(No Transcript)
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The Jesuit Missions (Reducciones) in Paraguay
JESUITS ORGANIZE MISSION-COMMUNITIES FOR NATIVE
PEOPLES IN PARAGUAY
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Paraguayan savannah
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Iguazu Waterfalls Rio Parana,
Paraguay
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1690 Spanish Govt calls on Jesuits to
minister to Guaranì people
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The Jesuits create a network of Missions
(Reducciones) Schools, hospitals, farms,
craft-shops
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Roque Gonzalez de Santa Cruz (1576-1628)
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Bandeirantes, begin to raid Guaranì settlements
kidnap people to be sold into slavery SOME
JESUITS DECIDE TO ARM THE NATIVE PEOPLE
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Jesuits arm train Guaranì for
self-defense 1727 Reducciones closed
Jesuits expelled from
Paraguay 1759 Jesuit Order suspended 1814
Jesuits restored
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The Jesuit Constitutions
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THE SPIRITUAL EXERCISES

• Loyolas personal experience of conversion
• A workbook, not a memoir
• Focus on "exercises
• Intellect alone is important but not decisive

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THE SPIRITUAL EXERCISES

• CENTRALITY OF IMAGINATION AS MEANS TO AFFECT
  PASSIONS
• Jesuss experience Gethsemane Passion Death
  Resurrection.
• AIM RESTRUCTURING OF ONES LOVES (and ones
  entire personality)
• Huge boost to the arts Baroque style inspired
  by Catholic Reformation

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Baroque flamboyant, emotional
Caravaggio (1573-1610) Conversion of Paul
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CARAVAGGIO, SUPPER AT
EMMAUS
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Four Stages of Spiritual Growth

1. CONVICTION
2. COMMITMENT
3. COM-PASSION
4. CONVERSION

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Any common ground?
LOYOLA 1491-1556
CALVIN 1509-1564