Chemistry English

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Chemistry English
Lecture 12 ????????
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of
Solid Surfaces
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Plagiarism(??)

• To plagiarize is to give the impression that
  something you have written is your own when it
  was in fact taken from someone elses work.
  Plagiarism may take the form of
• repeating anothers sentences as your own
• adopting a particularly good phrase as your own
• paraphrasing someone elses argument.
• Presenting someone elses form of organization as
  your own.
• In the West, plagiarism is considered a serious
  academic crime and may lead to expulsion from the
  university!

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How to avoid Plagiarism?

• Follow these guidelines and youll never be
  accused of plagiarism.
• Use your own words and sentence structures.
• When putting someone elses idea in your own
  words avoid using any words from the original.
• If you use any original words, use a quotation.
• Acknowledge all ideas taken from other writers,
  except commonly held knowledge in the field.
• It is plagiarism to use some original words or
  phrases from a sentence while changing others. It
  is also plagiarism to keep the sentence structure
  and change all the words to synonyms.

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Reference Books

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Chapter 20 ????????

• 20.1 Introduction
• ??????????? ???????, ??????????,
  ???????????(Correct Sentences), ?????????,
  ??Chinese English(Chinglish) ????????????(standar
  d sentences), ??????????????????????.

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20.2??????????

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• ?????????????,?????????????????

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• ??????????????????,?????????????
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  ?????????,??????????

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20.3 paragraph(??)

• Construction of a paragraph
• Usually a paragraph includes a topic sentence
  (???), one or several supporting sentences (???)
  and, sometimes, a concluding sentence (???).

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• Three Qualities of a Paragraph
• Unity(???) An Paragraph follows a straight line
  of development it states a single thought. All
  material not directly related to the rest of the
  paragraph should be left out.
• Continuity(???) All sentences within a paragraph
  should be arranged logically and smoothly. An
  outline (??)will help you organize your ideas so
  that all important ideas are included and in
  logical order, and help you write more quickly.
• Transition Signals(???) are words to guide the
  reader and make it easy to follow the ideas. They
  also help the paragraph flow more smoothly.

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Classes of Transition Signals

• Example(??) for example, for instance, as an
  illustration, to illustrate, namely, that is, for
  one thing.
• Addition(??) in addition, furthermore, moreover,
  and, also, or, too, besides, again, whats more,
  likewise.
• Emphasis(??) in fact, as a matter of fact, in
  other words, of course, certainly, above all,
  indeed, clearly, surely, in particular,
  obviously, naturally, anyway, in this case.

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Classes of Transition Signals

• Contrast(??) while, whereas, in contrast, on
  the other hand, instead, on the contrary, inspite
  of, despite, but, however, although, still, yet,
  nevertheless, conversely, otherwise.
• Comparison(??) similarly, in the same way, even
  though, at the same time, not onlybut also,
  likewise, meanwhile.
• Concession(??) although, after all, it is
  true(that).
• Conclusion(??) in conclusion, to conclude, to
  sum up, to summarize, in summary, in all, in
  short, in brief, in a word.

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Classes of Transition Signals

• Cause(??) for this reason, because of this,
  because, since, as, for, due to, owing to, thanks
  to.
• Consequence(??) thus, hence, therefore,
  accordingly, consequently, so, in this way, as a
  result.
• Order(??) first, second, first of all, to begin
  with, at first, finally, eventually, in the end,
  immediately, soon, in front of, next to, opposite
  to, in the middle of, afterward, then.

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20.4 Structure of Research Papers

• Generally the parts of a research paper are as
  follows
• Introduction(??)
• Body (??)
• Conclusion/Concluding Remarks (???)
• If needed, illustrations (??), tables(??),
  appendix(??), list of references(????) and
  acknowledgment(??) may appear in a research
  paper.

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The Introduction

• An introduction serves four purposes
• to give a general background of the topic
• to arouse the readers interest
• to focus on the topic or problem of the essay
• to indicate the overall plan of the essay
• This is accomplished by an introductory
  statement and a thesis statement. The
  introduction may be as short as one paragraph or
  as long as a chapter.

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The Introductory Statement

• It generally begins with a very general comment
  of the subject and gradually becomes more
  specific, thus leading to the thesis statement.
  Statistics, quotations, examples and questions
  are often used in this section to give background
  information and attract the readers attention.

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The Thesis Statement

• The thesis statement is
• a complete sentence
• used to identify the topic and/or to express an
  opinion or an idea.
• The last sentence in the following example is the
  thesis statement.

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The Body of the Paper

• General
• The body of a research paper will be the
  longest part. It will consist of many paragraphs
  that develop and support the thesis statement.
• The text is not always written in the order
  it will appear. For example, many writers prefer
  to write the introduction last so as to be free
  to make changes in the body. Because many
  students find it most difficult to begin writing
  the paper, it may be best to start with a section
  that is easily written.

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• Transition
• When the separate sections of a paper have
  been written, transitions will be necessary to
  make the text flow smoothly.
• Between paragraphs, transitional sentences
  will be placed either at the end of the first or
  at the beginning of the next paragraph.
• Between sentences, transition words, repeated
  key words and other reference words will be used
  to create cohesion.

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Quotations(??)

• Providing reference citations and a bibliography
  allows the reader to
• find the documents you have used,
• know that these ideas are not your own.
• Generally accepted facts need no reference. For
  example, you can state that Einstein developed
  the Theory of Relativity without quoting your
  source. But if you use a certain aspect of the
  theory to support your thesis, the source needs
  to be identified.

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The Conclusions

• In a long paper, this may consist of an entire
  chapter in a shorter one, it will be one or two
  paragraphs long. The conclusion will include
• a summary of the main points and/or
• a restatement of the thesis and
• final comments on the subject, possibly including
  suggestions for further research.

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Assignment 2

• Write a recipe regarding the cooking process of
  one of your favorite dishes.
• A typical online for a recipe can be
• 1) general introduction. 2) Detailed process.