BIODIESEL, THE CLEANER ALTERNATIVE BY senbel FINE CHEMICALS CO', INC'

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BIODIESEL, THE CLEANER ALTERNATIVEBYsenbelFINE
CHEMICALS CO., INC.
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BIOFUELS or BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning
  alternative fuel derived from plant or vegetable
  oils (vegetable derived esters or VDE) that can
  be used as a blend with or as a total substitute
  for petroleum diesel. It can be used in
  compression-ignition (diesel) engines even
  without any engine modifications.

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What is BIODIESEL?

• Biodiesel is a variety of ester-based oxygenated
  fuels made from vegetable oils or animal fats.
• It is indigenous, renewable, biodegradable, and a
  nontoxic diesel fuel substitute.
• The first diesel engine was powered using peanut
  oil by Rudolf Diesel in 1895.
• He demonstrated the engine in 1900 at the World
  Exposition in Paris where he took the highest
  prize.

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BioDiesel Technology
2 chemical reactions

• 1) Transesterification
• Oils Fats Methanol Methylester
  Glycerine

H
H
H
C
COO
R CH3OH
R - COOCH3
H
C
OH
H
C
COO
R CH3OH
R - COOCH3
H

C
OH
H
C
COO
R CH3OH
R - COOCH3
H
C
OH
H
H
2) Esterification Fatty Acid
Methanol Methylester Water R - COOH
CH3OH R - COOCH3 H2O
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Advantages

• Biodiesel is produced from locally grown coconut
  by Filipinos.
• Biodegradable, safe to handle and ten times less
  toxic than table salt.
• Blending biodiesel with diesel fuel accelerates
  its biodegradability.
• Can be stored safely due to its high flash point.
• Produces less Global Warming carbon dioxide
  emissions.
• Can be used in any conventional and unmodified
  diesel engines.

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• Can be mixed in any ratio with petroleum diesel
  fuel or can be used 100.
• Produces less particulates, soot, carbon
  monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions than
  petroleum diesel fuel.
• Known to provide a substantial reduction in
  cancer risks.
• Produces pleasant exhaust odor unlike petroleum
  diesel.
• Has very good lubricity properties. Used as
  lubricity additive in severely hydro-treated
  diesel fuel.
• Oral toxicity effects are similar to those
  associated with laxatives.

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Performance

• Performs similarly to petroleum diesel in terms
  of power and torque.
• Has a higher cetane number than automotive diesel
  fuel.
• Provides significant lubricity in low sulfur
  (0.05) and ultra low sulfur (lt0.005) diesel
  fuel.
• Contains 11 oxygen which contributes to better
  fuel burning.
• Compatible with FIE elastomers designed for low
  sulfur diesel (0.05) and ultra low sulfur
  (lt0.005) diesel fuel.

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Solvency

• Biodiesel is a mild solvent and may deface some
  paints due to prolonged contact.
• Has a tendency to clean out storage tanks,
  including vehicle fuel tanks and systems, of
  sediments that accumulate and form layers of
  sludge or slime.
• May dislodge or dissolve sediments in poorly
  maintained systems which may find its way into
  the vehicles fuel filter. Failure of the filter
  to trap sediments may lead to fuel injector
  failure.

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Material Compatibility

• Brass, bronze, copper, lead and zinc will oxidize
  diesel and biodiesel fuels and creates sediments.
• Acceptable storage tank materials include
  aluminum, steel, fluorinated polyethylene,
  fluorinated polypropylene, and Teflon.
• Biodiesel can affect some gaskets, and adhesives,
  particularly those made from natural or nitrile
  rubber.

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Legends Diesel----------Regular Diesel
(petroleum based) BD-------------ESTROL Biodiesel
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Legends Diesel----------Regular Diesel
(petroleum based) BD-------------ESTROL Biodiesel
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CO vs. ENGINE SPEED As the equivalence ratio
increases due to the decrease in speed the CO
emission level increases for both fuels but this
increase is less severe for CME fuel. The reason
for the difference is due to the leaner mixture
when burning CME fuel resulting from additional
oxygen contained within the fuel.
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HC Concentration vs. ENGINE SPEED The HC
emissions recorded for the ester fuel is less
than that for the diesel fuel. The average
air/fuel ratio for CME is leaner than for the
conventional diesel fuel, and this has resulted
in a better and a more appropriate fuel
combustion environment.
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-x- Diesel NOx ppm -- CME NOx ppm
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
NOx Concentration vs. ENGINE SPEED It is seen
than there is a drop in NOx concentration when
the engine is burning ester fuel at speeds in
the region of maximum torque when compared to
diesel. As the speed is reduced the NOx
concentration increases due to higher cylinder
temperatures.
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THE BiODiESEL FACTS

• Emissions of CO from biodiesel are between 20
  and 40 lower than from fossil diesel.
• Emissions of SOX are between 80 and 99 lower
  than sulphur fossil diesel.
• Emissions of PM from biodiesel are between 20
  and 39 lower than low sulphur fossil diesel.
• Emissions of NOX from biodiesel are comparable
  though possibly a few percent higher than low
  sulphur fossil diesel. These can further be
  reduced substantially by adjusting the timing of
  injection.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Being a plant based fuel, Biodiesel comes from an
  inexhaustible energy source that can be grown and
  replenished. In Europe and the United States,
  VDEs are sourced from rapeseed, sunflower, palm,
  soya, and even animal fats.
• For the Philippines, coconut oil is the main
  source of VDE. On a large scale, these energy
  resources are not only a production / income
  alternative to farmers but also a step towards
  energy self-sufficiency that does not harm the
  environment.

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Renewable Biofuel Resources
Photosynthesis
Exhaust Emissions
CO2
Renewable Sustainable Development
Esterification Process
Methyl Ester or Biodiesel
Vegetable Oil Production
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Biodiesel will become a vital part of our energy
supply ...
Why Biofuels?
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• Offers environmental benefits unrivalled by any
  other alternative transport fuels
• With blends from B2 to B5, Biodiesel is seen not
  as potenially replacing conventional diesel fuel,
  but as extending its usefulness in targetted
  applications
• COMES FROM OUR OWN VAST NATURAL RESOURCE
  Coconut, the Tree of Life
• A holistic solution for the government
  environmentally compliant to the CAA Poverty
  Alleviation for the 20M coconut farmers and its
  dependents
• Kyoto-Protocol - which is the United Nations
  framework conventionon climate change - requires
  the introduction of biofuels into the transport
  fuel market in order to reduce greenhouse gas
  emissions.
• Construction of large-scale production units will
  be necessary.

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Markets for BioDiesel will grow ...
Outlook for Biofuels
senbel FINE CHEMICALS COMPANY, INC.
2005 2010 Germany 1.15 mil. t 3.30 mil.
t EU-15 4.80 mil. t 13.90 mil. t USA 8.95
mil. t 14.90 mil. t Sources Eurostat / AUS
Consultants / DOE / ETA
EU Focus on BioDiesel USA Focus on BioEthanol
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European BioDiesel Market
Europe 2001
Total Demand 1.242.500 t
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European BioDiesel Market(Back-up)
Largest Producers (2002)
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BioDiesel (Coconut Methylester) Technology
senbel FINE CHEMICALS COMPANY, INC.
Quality of final products

• BioDiesel EN 14214 Europe
• Glycerine (raw) EN 14214 Europe

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BioDiesel Future Activities
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to meet market requirements

• Concept for alternative feedstocks - high FFA
  sources, i.e. brown grease, yellow grease,
  recycled cooking oil
• Concept for alternative alcohols - Ethanol
  versus Methanol
• Large scale plants - up to 100,000 200,000
  tpy
• Market Focus - Southeast Asia, LatAm, EU, USA,

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Resulting Fuel Cost _at_ 2 and 5 Blending
Note An additional cost of only P0.30 per liter
for every 1 blend of Biodiesel
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BIODIESEL USAGE CHECKLIST

• 1. Ensure the biodiesel meets the specification
  for pure biodiesel set by the DOE before blending
  with petrodiesel.
• The specification for Biodiesel is
  designed to ensure that consumers will not
  experience operational problems from the fuels
  use. Quality fuel will provide the consumer with
  improved air quality and enhanced operability.
  Purchase fuel only from a reputable source.
• 2. Check fuel filters on the vehicles and in
  the delivery system frequently upon initial
  biodiesel use, and change them as necessary.
• Pure Biodiesel and its blends have
  excellent solvent properties. In some cases the
  use of petrodiesel leaves a deposit in the bottom
  of fuel lines, tanks, and delivery systems over
  time. The use of Biodiesel can dissolve this
  sediment and result in the need to change filters
  more frequently when first using Biodiesel until
  the whole system has been cleaned of the deposits
  left by the petrodiesel.

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BIODIESEL USAGE CHECKLIST

• 3. Wipe painted surfaces immediately when
  using biodiesel.
• Since Biodiesel is a good solvent, it
  can, if left on a painted surface long enough,
  dissolve certain types of paints. Therefore, it
  is recommended to wipe any spills of Biodiesel or
  its blend from painted surfaces immediately.
• 4. Use stored biodiesel within one year.
• All fuels, including 2 and 1
  petrodiesel, have a shelf life. This is also true
  with Biodiesel and Biodiesel blends. Industry
  experts recommend that Biodiesel be used within a
  year of purchase to ensure that the quality of
  the fuel is maintained.
• Senbel Fine Chemicals Co., Inc. is available to
  answer additional questions regarding the
  transition to biodiesel fuel use.
• Please do not hesitate to call and ask your
  questions. Senbel can be reached at 850-6877, via
  e-mail at senbel_at_vasia.com.

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Overview of the Coconut Industry

• 3.0 million hectares planted to Coconut trees
• 20 million farmers and dependents
• 2.4 million MT total copra production
• Projected double production by 2006 and triple in
  2010
• 4.9 million MT total copra crushing capacity
• 1.2 million MT total coconut oil production
• 80 is exported and 20 is consumed locally
• Total gross receipts of US900 million

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COCONUT OIL ANNUAL DOMESTIC EXPORT VOLUME,
1986-2000
VOLUME (MT)
COCONUT OIL ANNUAL EXPORT AVERAGE PRICE
YEAR
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The Biodiesel ProgramWish List

• Increasing the purchasing power of the 20 million
  coconut farmer value addition to the coconut oil
• Generating employment by continuous planting up
  to infinity
• Alleviation of poverty in the countryside as
  collateral benefit
• Stability of supply of coconut oil as raw
  materials with the end result of encouraging for
  both domestic and foreign investment
• Addressing Environmental concerns of the nation
  as every coconut oil products and derivatives
  enhances and protects environment
• Exporter of Biofuels with Future Market Focus
  South East Asia, EU, Lat Am, USA

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THANK YOU
senbel FINE CHEMICALS COMPANY