Pakistans Water Sector

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Pakistans Water Sector PRESENTATION AT The
Netherlands Water Sector Meeting AT THE DUTCH
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS KHALID
MOHTADULLAH SENIOR ADVISOR GWP
09 October 2007
The Hague
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Where there is water there is life. Where
there is no water there is no life. Between
these two statements lies the whole history of
mankind
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Land and Water Resources of Pakistan
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IRRIGATED AREAS AND PROPOSED WATER PROJECTS
NWFP
Disputed Territory
PUNJAB
BALOCHISTAN
SINDH
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(No Transcript)
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Existing Infrastructure
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WHY IS WATER MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT IN
PAKISTAN

• IRRIG AGRI SECTOR CONTRIBUTES 24
• GDP AND EMPLOYS 48 OF WORKFORCE
• WATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TO
• 1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS)
• WATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED AT
• 14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994)
• 70-75 OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES
• AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH
• STORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITY

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WHY WATER MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT IN
PAKISTAN (contd)

• G/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN AND
• QUALITY IS DETERIORATING
• MORE THAN 50 OF ALL DISEASES ARE
• WATER RELATED
• MORE THAN 90 0F EXPORTS ARE
• AGRI-BASED
• FINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCE
• STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS

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Water use in 2000 and projections 2025
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Water Use in Different Sectors
Source Draft Water Policy 2002
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Availability and Demand in Water Sector

• Additional Demand up to 2025 is 28 MAF
• Availability
• River Water 13.0
• Groundwater 6.0
• Rainwater Harvesting etc., 3.0
• Total 22.0 MAF
• Gap 6.0 MAF

Source Draft Water Policy Document 2002
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Population Vs Water
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EXISTING SURFACE STORAGES
I- IRRIGATION P- POWER W- WATER SUPPLY
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Power System
Installed Hydropower Capacity in 1947 70MW
Installed Hydropower Capacity in 1959 119MW
Current Installed Hydropower capacity
6849MW Estimated Hydropower Potential
40000MW Total Current Installed Capacity
20490MW Major
Hydropower Development Basha 3600MW Private
Sector Participation in Munda 600MW Other
than Hydel Short term Plan is to add in private
sector 550MW Medium Term Plan is to add
(6 years)in Private 11900MW sector (This
is expected to bring in an investment of about
US 11.2 Billion)

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Projected Demand Supply Balance of Major
Agricultural Commodities (MTons) 
Note S Supply, D Demand, G Gap
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AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW STORAGE CAPACITY OF DAMS OF
SOME MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Source- Medium Term Development Framework for
Water sector (Group report), World Register of
Dams 2003- ICOLD
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Capacity Losses in On-Line Reservoirs
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Groundwater rise after canal irrigation in Punjab
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DEPTH TO WATER TABLE MAP FOR THE INDUS BASIN
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SalinityTypical example from Rachna Doab
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Water quality
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Comparison of different crop yields (Tons/ha) in
different countries
ASQ
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Land productivity--- very poorComparison of
major crops yields
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Comparative Water Productivity (Kgs/m3) in
Various Countries
ASQ
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Water productivity---extremely poorComparison
with other countries
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Increase in production (million tons) and yield
(tons/ha) of major crops

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Disposal of Saline Drainage Effluent

• Indus basin is characterized by lack of any well
  defined natural surface drainage
• Indus river is the only natural drainage outlet
  to the sea and also a major source of irrigation
  water
• Capacity of Indus River System to accept drainage
  effluent is limited, therefore LBOD/RBOD and
  proposal for new trunk drain
• The ultimate drainage requirement for saline
  effluent is 13.5 BCM (from Punjab 3.63 BCM
  Sindh and Balochistan 9.82)
• Urgent need to resolve inter-provincial accord on
  management and disposal of saline effluent

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Governance Issues

• More than water scarcity, the crisis is of
  governance
• Sector is too fragmented
• Too many institutions managing it
• Too many laws governing it
• Erosion of institutional capacity
• No one responsible for Basins integrity
• Limited user participation
• Water is not seen as socio-economic good but more
  as a social good
• Poor financing of water services

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Governance Issues

• Weak dispute resolution mechanisms
• CCI remained inactive, political support for
  dispute resolution remained weak
• Absence of basin approach for development and
  management of water resources

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Governance institutions

• Federal
• Ministry of water and power
• Min. of Science and Technology
• Min. of Agriculture
• Min. of Environment
• Atomic Energy Commission
• WAPDA, IRSA, FFC, CEA
• IWASRI
• PCRWR
• Federal Water Management Cell

• Provincial
• Irrigation departments
• PIDAs
• Local government dept
• Line agencies

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Laws and Regulations

• Federal
• WAPDA Act 1958
• Water Accord 1991
• IRSA ACT 1992
• Environment Act 1992
• Council of Common Interests(Constitutional body)

• Provincial
• Irrigation and Drainage Act 1873
• Balochistan Water Ordinannce 1980
• Punjab Soil Reclamation Act 1952
• PIDAs Atc 1997
• Water Users Association Act 1982

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Water services financinggap between requirements
and returns
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Government Plans in the Water Sector
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DRAFT NATIONAL WATER POLICY

• National Water Policy(draft) stipulates
  that
• The guiding principles of planning, development
  and management of water resources would be
  equity, efficiency, participatory decision
  making, sustainability and accountability.
• National water resources planning development
  would be undertaken in a holistic, integrated and
  sustained manner.
• Water scarcity would be met through augmentation
  conservation measures by developing consensus
  on large storage projects efficiency
  improvements.
• The concept of more crop per drop would be
  pursued by the following
• a) A national plan to enforce improved
  irrigation methods and practices.
• b) Extensive research in developing crops with
  high yields and lower water consumption and
  water saving techniques.

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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

• WATER AUGMENTATION through construction of small,
  medium and large dams.
• WATER CONSERVATION through water management,
  remodelling, rehabilitation lining of channels
  water-courses.
• GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT through regulation and
  conjunctive use of surface ground water
• PROTECTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE from waterlogging,
  salinity and floods.
• INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS through devolution of
  responsibilities and participatory decision
  making.

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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ELEMENTS
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WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ELEMENTS
(contd)
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• HAVING SAID THAT, IF I WERE TO
• CHOOSE THREE MOST CRITICAL
• CHALLENGES, THEY WOULD BE
• 1. WATER FOR PEOPLE
• 2. FINANCING
• 3. THE WAY WE MANAGE WATER

THREE CRITICAL CHALLENGES
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• 1. Water for people
• gt Population growth, especially urbanization
• gt Food production
• gt Climate change

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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION PRESENT SITUATION

• . Only 65 of population has access to safe
  drinking water
• (85 urban and 55 rural)
• . 20000 rural settlements have no facilities at
  all
• . Source is mostly ground water except in some
  big cities
• . In saline g/water areas canal water is used for
  drinking
• . Limited availability inequity in water
  distribution and
• system losses have reached alarming proportions
• . Sanitation facilities available to 42 of
  population(65
• urban and 30rural)
• . Except for few big cities sewerage is non
  existent
• . 45 households do not have latrines
• . Only 51 households connected to any form of
  drainage
• . Only 5 households have access to a municipal
  garbage
• collection system

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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION POLICY STRATEGY
. The new policy links water and sanitation to
national development goals and protects the
environment through 1. Improved water and
sanitation management for reducing inefficient
water use, excessive groundwater pumping and
2. reducing pollution by urban and industrial
users through on site wastewater treatment and
reuse . Devolved government serves as platform
for decentralized operations. Resources are
allocated against action plans prepared by
local governments . Improved governance for
better management of scarce water resources at
individual and collective level is to be
achieved by 1. Implementation of devolution 2.
Social mobilization for effective community
participation and service delivery 3. Higher
allocations particularly for less developed
areas 4. Measures for equitable distribution
and 5. ME for outcomes and impact
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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION POLICY STRATEGY
(contd)
. Adoption of an integrated approach and
rational resource use (IWRM) . Action points
include water saving technologies and demand
management, prevention of environmental
degradation, institutional strengthening,
capacity building and human resources
development, improving access to water
particularly for women, improving sanitation
through sewerage and drainage schemes, promoting
household sanitation, raising understanding of
the linkages between hygiene and health through
community education campaigns, especially among
women and children
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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
. Major MTDF initiative is the provision of
clean drinking water for entire population of
country through water purification plants to be
completed on fast track by 2008 . Programs will
be simple and people friendly, community based
using local technologies with priority on
minimizing water losses and rehabilitation of
existing networks . In brackish g/water areas
desalination plants will be built . Institutional
capacity building, conservation, reuse and
environmental sustainability will underlie all
federal and provincial water supply and
sanitation projects and Pgms . Devolved
government will have commensurate fund raising
powers to meet its financial needs . Public
private partnerships will be forged to facilitate
provision of urban water supply and sanitation
infra structure at a reasonable price and
quality . Use of sanitary latrines will be
promoted in rural areas 10 of budget
allocation will be spent on hygiene infor-
mation, education and communication (NGO
participation)
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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS (contd)
. Community ownership will be promoted with
greater involvement of stakeholders . Revenue
collection will be improved and losses reduced .
Post transfer of schemes partnership between PHED
and communities will be strengthened for
technical guidance extraordinary repairs and
expansion of facility training . Engineering
services and technology will be upgraded .
Linkage between research and practice will be
strengthened
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WATER SUPPLY SANITATION
TARGETS
. MDGs require halving by 2015 the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and to achieve significant
improvement in access to sanitation. This
translates to increasing water supply and
sanitation coverage to 93 and 90 by 2015. In
Pakistans case there will be a shortfall
because of resource constraint. . Pakistan
envisages raising safe water supply coverage
from 65 in 2004-05 (urban 85 rural 55) to 76
in 2010 (urban 95 rural 65). 27M additional
people in 5 years (G/water 75 and surface
water 25) . Current sanitation and sewerage
facility at around 42 population (urban 65
rural 30) will be extended to additional 3
million people covering 50 of population
(urban 75 rural 35) by 2010, along with
development of waste water treatment units,
recycling provisions and conservation measures
in urban centers up to district level

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CLIMATE CHANGE
. This is one of our greatest worries because so
much depends on it . Climate change is no
longer an issue for the distant future, it is
already taking place, and in this region,
particularly the poorest people, are most at
risk.. The impacts of higher temperatures, more
variable precipitation, more extreme weather
events, and sea level rise are already being
felt and will continue to intensify. . These
changes are having major impacts on the economic
performance of Pakistan and on the lives and
livelihoods of millions of its poor people. .
The impacts result not only from gradual changes
in temperature and sea level but also, in
particular, from increased climate variability
and extremes, including more Intense floods,
droughts, and storms. Source Climate change
Panel
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CLIMATE CHANGE
SOME FUTURE IMPACTS
. Glacier melting in the Himalayas is
projected to increase flooding and will affect
water resources within the next two to three
decades.. Climate change will compound the
pressures on natural resources and the
environment due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization, and economic development.
Crop yields could decrease up to 30 in South
Asia by the mid-21st century including
Pakistan Mortality due to diarrhea primarily
associated with floods and droughts will rise

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CLIMATE CHANGE
(CONSEQUENCES)

• . Decreased water availability and water quality
  in many arid
• and semiarid regions Increased risk of floods
  and droughts in many regions reduction in water
  regulation in mountain habitats decreases in
  reliability of hydropower and biomass
• production increased incidence of waterborne
  diseases such as
• malaria, dengue, and cholera increased
  damages and deaths caused by extreme
• weather events decreased agricultural
  productivity adverse impacts on fisheries
  adverse effects on many ecological systems
• Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm
  surge,
• erosion and other coastal hazards
• THIS SHOWS NEED FOR URGENT MEASURES FOR
• ABATING ABOVE CONSEQUENCES

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• 2. Finding the finances (Pak budget proposals
  2007-08)
• - USD 18 billion required for large dams at USD
  2 billion a year
• - This does not include cost of modernization
  and rehabilitation
• - Rs.40 billion for WAPDA a 48 increase over
  last year
• - WAPDA required to raise Rs.73 billion outside
  the budget
• - NHA is required to raise Rs. 6 billion outside
  the budget
• - PIA CAA CDA and others are all required to do
  the same
• - 2007-08 economy is targeting to become USD 141
  billion
• - Vision 2030 envisages building an economy of
  USD 1 trillion
• This requires seriously exploring non
  traditional sources
• of funding like Public Private
  Partnership (PPP)

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1. Diamer Basha Dam Project 2. Kalabagh Dam
Project 3. Kurram Tangi Dam Project 4. Munda
Dam Project 5. Akhori Dam Project
PRESIDENTS PROGRAM ON DAMS
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DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT (DBDP)LOCATION MAP
MUNDA DAM
KURRAM TANGI DAM
AKHORI DAM
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• 3. The way we manage water
• Outdated water governance
• Sectoral approach to water management
• Weak institutions
• Fragmented decision-making
• Insufficient awareness about water issues
• Absence of participatory processes
• Centralized planning implementation and
• operations
• Unrealistic pricing of water
• The way to go is towards IWRM. All the above
• factors are impeding rather than promoting
  IWRM

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Summary of Issues

• Water scarcity
• Uneven water availability during and between
  years
• Drought
• Poor system delivery efficiency
• Waterlogging and salinization inc secondary
  salinity
• Groundwater management
• Disposal of drainage effluent
• Poor land and water productivity
• Climate change
• Lack of user participation
• Weakened institutional capacity
• Poor governance
• Water and Poverty linkage
• Financing water infrastructure (OM,
  Rehabilitation and Development)
• IWRM

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SUGGESTED PRIORITY ACTIONS

• ENGAGE STAKEHOLDERS
• BUILD PARTNERSHIPS
• FOLLOW PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
• IMPROVE GOVERNANCE
• MOBILISE FINANCIAL RESOURCES
• DEVELOP HUMAN RESOURCES AND BUILD INSTITUTIONAL
  CAPACITY
• BUILD POLITICAL WILL TO TRANSLATE PLANS INTO
  ACTIONS
• ALL THESE ARE STEPS TOWARDS IWRM

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SUGGESTED AREAS OF COOPERATION

• PLANNING AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• LONG TERM RESEARCH COORDINATION AND SUPPORT
• CAPACITY BUILDING
• TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT
• SALINITY WATER QUALITY AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
• CLIMATE CHANGE PREPAREDNESS
• WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP IN FINANCIALLY ATTRACTIVE
  PROJECTS
• ONE SMALL EXAMPLE IS THE PROPOSED
  DUTCH-PAKISTAN JOINT PANEL ON WATER

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THANK YOU