Definitions

1
Definitions

• A general definition of continuing training is a
  further training done by people that already
  accomplished their studies to get new skills and
  capabilities (ILO Vocational training glossary of
  selected terms).
• In the specific Italian case, the expression
  continuing learning refers to the technical,
  professional and transversal skills one gets
  working( Ministry of Labour and Social Policies,
  Ministry of Education, University and Research.)

2

• We have to make a distinction in Italy when we
  speak about continuing training, we can make
  reference
• to continuing training for workers and
  enterprises
• or
• to specific actions turned to entrepreneurship.
  Positive actions that have entrepreneurship as
  beneficiaries are not included, if only for a
  part, in continuing training national policies.

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Resources for continuing training in Italy
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ITALYs DELAYs

• In the last ten years Italys yearly average
  growth rate was1.7 compared to 2.2 of the euro
  area and 3.4 of U.S.A.
• The workforce quality is the most important
  factor which determines the long-term state of
  economy because it helps the introductions of
  innovation, increase participation rate, allows
  higher salary policies and support aggregate
  demand

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• only one-fifth ( 20) of italian workers take
  part to training activities compared to 40 of
  the European average
• only 25 of Italian firms organize training
  activities compare to 60 in of the European
  average.
• The causes can be found in some of the following
  things
• small size of the enterprises
• enterprises devoted to the local market
• workforce with little education

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CONTINUING TRAINING POLICIES

• Italian public general policies for continued
  training can be divided in three groups
• ESF( European Social Fund) through D1 and D2
  resources
• national laws ( L 236/93 and L 53/00 "Provisions
  in support of maternity and paternity, the right
  to care and the coordination of city hours L.
  215/92 and L. 125/91)
• Multi-sectorial Funds

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Workers involved in continuing training activities
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Enterprises involved in continuing training
activities
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Three most important continuing trainig policy
resources
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In addition to these policies there are also

• incentives related to the apprenticeship contract
  which represents a further investment channel for
  continuing training
• incentives distributed by the L 125 and L 215
  expecially created for women and gender issue
• We also have a group of actors involved in ECT
  as a not institutional level but, most of the
  times, at local level Chamber of commerce,
  Bilateral bodies, SMEs unions and associations,
  ATCs.

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ESF

• In 2004 the ESF transferred in Italy 282 millions
  Euros, recording a decrease of 13 compared to
  2003. The strong decrease in co-financed training
  in Italy was due to
• little retention tool for ESF customer and
  capacity to involve new enterprises
• the possibility of using Interprofessional Funds

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NATIONAL LAWS

• In 2004 law 236/93 allocated 28 millions euros.
  For many years law 236 represented, with ESF, the
  only financial supporting channel to enterprises
  training policies.
• During 2004 the Ministry of Labour laid down two
  measures to allocate 46 millions euros according
  to law 53/00 (law 53 developed as a way of
  financing specialized individual training through
  vouchers. )

13
The role of Interprofessional funds

• Interprofessional funds have started to be
  operative since 2004
• Beside The Ministry of Labour the I.N.P.S.
  (National institute for the social security) was
  involved, as collector of the compulsory
  contribution from firms and responsible of  the
  distribution of resources to the Funds. Social
  and datorial partners, involved as main actors,
  through interconfederational agreements created
  organizations for promoting, supporting and
  financing the Agreed training plans for firms and
  workers.

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• Up today the Ministry of Labour has authorized by
  decree 11 Joint Interprofessional Funds.
• Each fund reflects the operative area of the
  promoting datorial organization and so the
  traditional issues of the interconfederational
  agreements.
• The yearly resource flux to the funds is
  estimated in about 300 millions euros.

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Interprofessional Funds
Foncoop Cooperactive workers
Fon. Ter Tertiary, segments of commerce- tourism-services, lending financial, insurance and logistics, dispatch, transportation. workers
Fond.E.R Ecclesiastics workers and religious firms adn enterprises with religious mission
Fondimpresa Industry workers
Fondir Tertiary, segments of commerce- tourism-services, lending financial, insurance and logistics, dispatch, transportation. managers
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Interprofessional Funds
Fondo Artigianato Formazione Handcrafts workers and SMEs
Fondo Dirigenti PMI Industry managers
Fondo Formazione PMI SMS industry workers
Fondo professioni professional offices and associated companies workers
For. Te Tertiary, segments of commerce- tourism-services, lending financial, insurance and logistics, dispatch, transportation. workers

• thank to their promotional policies Multi-sector
  Fund attracted a third of Italian enterprises

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THE ACTORShave a decentrated model, where actors
different from the State run the workers training
policies

• Institutions Central State, Regions and Local
  Autonomies ( Provinces Authorities, Municipal
  Authorities)
• social partners (Chamber of commerce, ATCs, SMEs
  Unions, Bilateral bodies)
• the single firm and its workers are asked for an
  active role in working out the training plan.

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TRAINING AND FLEXIBILITY IN ITALY

• Continuing training is a very discussed issue in
  the framework of globalisation, flexibility an
  unemployment phenomena in Italy. After the last
  new reform named Biagi Law in Italy is appeared a
  crowd of flexible workers
• The 'Biagi' Law introduced new types of
  employment contracts, such as

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• The Work-Entry contract (it) (also providing for
  a training activity, and replacing the
  training/employment contract in the private
  sector)
• The Supplementary and Occasional Employment
  contract (it )
• The 'Project-by-Project' Employment contract
  (replacing the Continuous and Co-ordinated
  Collaboration Employment contract)
• Job-Sharing (it)
• Intermittent Jobs (Job On Call) (it)
• Staff-Leasing contract (it) (replacing the
  Temporary Employment contract)
• Detachment (it) or Secondment, in the private
  sector

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Continuing training for flexible workers

• The only two instruments that flexible workers
  has got in Italy for their continuing training
  are
• ESF
• LAW 53/00
• The flexible workers are the big apartheid of the
  training system

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Gender Issue

• The Central State adopts two different kind of
  instrument concerning the development of women at
  work
• Law 215/92 (on about the women self-entrepreneursh
  ip and business start up - This law promotes
  substantial equality and equal opportunities for
  men and women in economic and entrepreneurial
  activities, and favors the creation and
  development of women's entrepreneurship, also in
  cooperative forms. The government assists with
  expenses for systems and equipment as well as the
  purchase of services designed to increase
  productivity. )
• Law 125/91 Low (on about the development of women
  competences and women opportunity at work. Law
  125/91 aims is to promote women's employment and
  to achieve substantive equality between men and
  women in the workplace )
• Law 53/00 provides specific measures and has got
  an important role about women-worker training

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ECT In Italy

• Continuing training for ENTREPRENEURS and self
  employment in Italy is developed, as we have
  seen, by some strategic instruments ESF Measure
  D1, TACs, Bilateral Bodies, Chamber of commerce.
• for those instruments is very difficult to have
  an unitary recongnition about the total amounts
  of the monetary resources that have been spent at
  national level.

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TACs (Techical assitance centres)

• Art. 23 of Leg. Decree 114/98 (Trade Reform)
  provides for the establishment of centres, on the
  part of trade associations and other involved
  subjects, offering technical assistance to
  businesses.

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Functions of TAcs

• TACs can perform the following functions
• Technical assistance, training and continuing
  education in the field of
• Organizational and technological innovation
• efficiency effectiveness of enterprises
• Access to funding, including community funding
• continuing training
• Safety and protection of consumers
• Environmental protection labour safety and
  health
• Quality certification of stores

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• TACs operated especially at local level, in
  cooperation with Regional Authorities and social
  partners, in different economic sectors with
  funds that comes from the private and public
  bodies. On of the most important activities is
  concerning continuing training of enterprises and
  entrepreneurship.

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Bilateral bodies

• Bilateral bodies are organisations that are set
  up jointly to run matters decided between the
  social partners as a result of the application of
  the bilateral principle. Bilateral bodies are
  at national and local level specific instruments
  in the mayoralty relationships. The shared tasks
  of the social partners is to improve the
  competitiveness and the productivity of the SMEs
  in italy.

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Activitites of Bilateral Bodies

• to provides a service of inter-change between
  demand and offer of work, with the main objective
  to improve the professional competences of the
  labour force
• to carry on active policy about workers and
  entrepreneurs, safety and sanitary compulsory
  lows, vocational and continuing training.

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• the bilateral bodies, are an important italian
  instrument of continuing training, that provide
  to the requalification and specializzation of
  entrepreneur in all economic sectors.
• They work with their owns funds that borns by the
  compulsory contribute of the firms associated.

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Chamber of commerce, industry, hand-crafts and
agriculture (CCIAA)

• The mission of Italian Chambers of Commerce
  consists in carrying out functions of general
  interest within the private business system.
  Each Chamber carries-out important function in
  the administrative area (the most important is
  the business register) offers enterprises a
  full range of services to facilitate market
  intelligence and skilled training, to stimulate
  companies and businesses in innovative efforts
  and to support business trade relations home and
  abroad.

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The most important Services provided by the
chamber of the commerce at different territorial
levels

• How to set up a business
• How to provide business with informations
• How to train personell

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Training By the CCIAA

• Training is one of the traditional tasks carried
  out by Chambers of Commerce they provide
  training either directly (through specific
  services and dedicated management) or through
  suitably established Special agencies.
• The training initiatives of the Chambers of
  Commerce target different entrepreneurial
  categories, ranging from service sector operators
  (from traditional trade to advanced services) to
  small entrepreneurs operating in the
  manufacturing sector, managers of agricultural
  activities, operators in the environmental and
  energy sector, etc.

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• The users of the training services provided by
  the Chambers system can be grouped into two
  groups
• namely entrepreneur and direct collaborators of
  entrepreneurs
• Aspiring entrepreneurs.
• The funds of Chamber of commerce developed for
  training has got different nature, private and
  pubblic.

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Conclusion

• There is a gap in Italy between politics - still
  ruling the vocational training policies - and
  economic processes.
• Economy has grown fast while school and education
  systems are mostly related to politics.

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• Italian industrial system, based on SMEs, is
  asking for appropriate vocational training
  system. Actually in Italy do not exist a system
  of continuing enterprenuership training and for
  this reason is not possible to have a complete
  analysis on how much and in witch way training is
  offered to entrepreneurs.

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• Most of the ECT initiatives stopped at local and
  regional level because there is not a national
  coordination or a national body that is called to
  provides to this kinds of issues.
• However we can have a recognition of lot of
  initiatives at local level, it is impossible to
  have national statistic datas, unitary datas and
  to make previsions and set up any risen of
  planning or strategical actions

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It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy
based on this main points

• NETWORK
• To create a network between the actors involved
  at national level (ATCs, Trade Unions, Social
  partners, Chamber of commerce, Bilateral bodies)
  priority turned on the issue of ECT. It's today
  important to have integrated plan of actions in
  continuing training programs devised ad hoc for
  entrepreneurship.

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It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy
based on this main points

• EXELLENCE MODELS
• To activate a data banks that at national level
  can help operators to share excellent and
  meaningful experiences and best practises.

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It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy
based on this main points

• ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING CULTURE
• There is a specific need to create a diffused
  training culture in entrepreneurship class at
  national level, and to do that is necessary to
  improve the dissemination system, the monitoring
  system the promoted system of ECT.

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• In this case the most important protagonist
  players are the SMEs Unions, called in first
  persons to be active in multi-sector funds, they
  are catching up their authentic mission. Multi
  sector funds are important and strategical
  instruments for the SMEs unions and for the
  entrepreneurship, that because they are a quick
  and ad hoc source of resources to improve
  efficiency effectiveness of enterprises, to
  increase competitiveness and competences of
  labour force and at the same moment to diffuse a
  new entrepreneurial culture.