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CONTENT

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Trade accelerates overall economic growth, which raises profits and promotes ... Trade enlarges a country 's access to scarce resources and its consumption capacities ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CONTENT


1
CONTENT
  • TRADE INSTRUMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS WORK TOWARDS WTO
    OBJECTIVES
  • REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS
  • SOME TRADE AGREEMENTS
  • IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
  • DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON
    WOMEN AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY
  • Income effects
  • Health and Morbidity
  • Capabilities

2
ARGUMENTS FOR TRADE LIBERALIZATIONYCGI(X-M)
  • Trade accelerates overall economic growth, which
    raises profits and promotes greater savings and
    investment and thus further growth
  • It promotes competition, improves ressources
    allocation and fosters specialization in sectors
    where countires have comparative advantage (best
    suited to produce)
  • Trade enlarges a country s access to scarce
    resources and its consumption capacities
  • It increases world output
  • It provides access to worlwide markets for poor
    countries
  • It tends to promote greater competiton, attracts
    foreign capital, technology and expertise into
    developing countries
  • Trade generates very needed foreign exchange to
    pay for debt or imports

3
TRADE INSTRUMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS WORK TOWARDS WTO
OBJECTIVES
HIPC
Liberalization reforms of financial and labor
sectors Reforming goods and services
markets Privatization programmes
WTO
More trade and
Fosters trade liberalization among
nations
COTONOU AGREEMENT
Sets contracts binding nations to keep their
trade policies within agreed limits
Trade liberalization not Aid
less social justice
Establishes dispute settlement measures promoting
freer trade
AGOA
More benefits for large foreign and multinational
investors Endorsement of privatization Rights of
foreign investors to establish in any African
country without conditionality Obligation to cut
corporate taxes and to apply same rules to
foreign investors
Monitors countries appliance to trade rules
and citizen rights
4
REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS
  • Development cannot be measured only in terms of
    growth
  • Non market activities which are excluded in model
    play a determinant role than cannot be neglected
    in favor of market-focussed trade
  • Gender factors in terms of differentiated
    positions and power relations between women and
    men within and outside different markets (labor,
    financial and goods and services) arenas are
    totally excluded from the model
  • Gender impacts of trade offset the anticipated
    benefits from trade (increased gender
    inequalities, and womens insecurity)

5
REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS
  • Trickle down effect of growth gains from trade
    is a myth not a reality in developing countries
  • Limited growth of world demand for primary goods
    exports because of developed countries demand
    shift from high technology and skills intensive
    products
  • Secular deteriorating terms of trade against
    developing nations
  • Increased sophisticated protectionism from
    developed countries against developing countries
    manufactured and processed agricultural products

6
SOME TRADE AGREEMENTS
  • Agriculture sale of transgenetic seeds,
    dependency on chemicals seeds, processing and
    sale of food vulnerability of women small
    farmers and food producers and processors land
    issues production costs no protection for food
    security reduction and elimination of subsidies.
    New and very complex system of subsidies.
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Services (GATS)
    160 sectors involved health, education, debt
    servicing,culture, telecommunications, banks,
    etc, all human livelihoods and security-related
    sectors privatization of public services and
    submission to market and competition laws. Rights
    to education health, culture, positive
    discrimination for girls education...
    Privatization of land, water endangering womens
    livelihood and security.

7
IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
Foreign banks
Foreign Sector
Exports revenues
Cheap labor for little wages
Imports payments
Gendered redistribution of labor
Private Sector
Households
Consumer demand
initiatives
Consumer goods
Credit
Credit
Household savings
Investment savings
Government
Privatization
Financial Institutions
Taxes from households
Investments
Taxes from firms
private sector
Borrowing
Repaying
of
provision of
Government
Government
in foreign
social
services
services
8
DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON
WOMEN AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY
  • 1. Income effects
  • New job opportunities More women than men
    accessing new jobs mostly low standard jobs
  • Marginal increase revenues
  • Threat to poor womens small businesses
  • Competition between cheap imported good and
    locally produced commodities
  • Comodification of Utilities and public goods
    (water, energy, land, etc.)
  • Increased costs of utilities (production or
    consumption good)
  • Increased time devoted to provide household
    services and utilities

9
  • 2. Health and Morbidity
  • Womens access to labor market impact on girls
    household work servicing
  • Increased morbidity, health insecurity
  • increased expenditure and on health provisioning
  • New private sector ande labor lead to reduced
    access to health benefits and social protection
  • Food insecurity impacts from exports promotion
    (from market access to nutritional level or
    calorie intake)

10
  • 3. Capabilities
  • Less rights, participation, security, etc.
  • Womens unpaid more devalued work devalued with
    increased focus on markets
  • Enterprise development threatened because of
    unleveled competition field
  • Access to use of ICT
  • Increased organizing capacities
  • Increased opportunities for learning

11
NETWORK OF AFRICAN WOMEN ECONOMISTS
National budgets
HIPC
Directory of organisations
NETWORKING
Trade agreements
Case studies
Networks WICEJ IWGGT WIDE, etc
RESEARCH
PRSPs
Regional institutions
ADVOCACY
Civil society organisations
Partners IGTN GERA AAWORD Etc.
Bibliography
AWE
  • Ministries
  • Finance
  • Budget
  • Women
  • Planning

Indicators and statistics
Data collection
Womens groups
Parliamentarians
CAPACITY BUILDING
Training workshops
Needs assessment
Training materials
TOT
12
MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK
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