Macroevolution

1

• Macroevolution
• Directionality
• Macroevolution not goal-oriented

2
Fig. 25.25
3

• Phylogeny and Systematics
• Evolutionary processes reflected in organismal
  phylogeny
• Genealogies often represented as phylogenetic
  trees that reflect relationships among species
• Systematics deals with classification of taxa
  according to evolutionary history

4
Fig. 26.4
5

• Phylogeny and Systematics
• Cladistics
• Analysis of phylogenetic relationships based on
  shared characters
• Characters may be primitive or derived
• Clade Group of species that includes ancestral
  species and all descendents
• Cladogram Diagram that illustrates evolutionary
  relationships among clades
• Outgroup Used to distinguish primitive from
  derived characters

6
(No Transcript)
7

• Phylogeny and Systematics
• Relationships among Taxa
• Taxa may be categorized according to how they
  reflect evolutionary relationships

8
Fig. 26.10
9

• Phylogeny and Systematics
• Traits in Classification
• Establishing relationships among taxa requires
  careful examination of characters
• Ancestral characters plesiomorphies
• Shared ancestral characters (symplesiomorphies)
  unite descendants of a single ancestor into a
  monophyletic clade
• Ex Vertebral column in vertebrates
• Derived characters apomorphies
• Shared derived characters (synapomorphies)
  unite derived clades and separate them from
  ancestral clades
• Ex Amniote egg and feathers in reptiles/birds
  and birds

10
Fig. 26.11
11

• Ecology
• Ecology from Greek Oikos (house)
• Interactions among groups of organisms and
  between organisms and physical environment
• Includes abiotic and biotic components

12
Fig. 52.5
13
Physiological Behavioral Evolutionary
(f) Global Ecology
14
Fig. 52.6
15

• Ecology
• Biotic Factors
• Competition
• Predation
• Disease
• Parasitism

16
Fig. 52.8
17

• Ecology
• Abiotic Factors
• Temperature
• Temperature and temperature variation extremely
  important
• Cells may rupture at very cold temperatures
• Why dont trees freeze and explode?
• Proteins denature at sustained high temperatures
  (usually gt45 oC)
• Some bacteria can survive at gt90 oC
• Water
• Essential to life
• Availability varies
• Terrestrial organisms always fighting desiccation
• Aquatic organisms struggling with osmotic stress