Origin%20of%20Man,%20Language%20and%20Languages

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Origin of Man, Language and Languages

• Central Asia
• A common inquiry in genetics, linguistics and
  anthropology
• Granted by
• European Science foundation
• CNRS

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Eurasia
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Central Asia
TURKIC - SPEAKING PEOPLE
KAZAKS
KARAKALPAKS
UZBEKS
TURKMENS
KIRGHIZES
UZBEKS
TAJIKS
KIRGHIZES
UZBEKS
TAJIKS
IRANIAN-SPEAKING PEOPLE
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Expeditions

• 2001 Karakalpakie (Karakalpak, Uzbek, Kazakh)
• 2002 Karakalpakie (On Tort Uruw, Turkmen)
• 2003 Kirghizie (North and South)
• 2004 Tajik from Uzbekistan (Ferghana and
  Samarkand area)
• 2005 Boukhara area Kazakh, Ouzbek and Tajik
• 2005 Tajik and Uzbek from Tajikistan (Gharm and
  Penjinkent area)

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Ethnological questionnaire

• Location, langage spoken, tribe if applicable of
  individuals and 4 grand-parents
• Information on married children

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Linguistic data
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Blood, DNA

• 5 ml for each individual
• Informed consent
• On the field blood is process ? white cells
• In the laboratory DNA extraction

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Main goals

• Trace back population history
• Describe genetic diversity in Central Asia
• Compare genetic and linguistic distances

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• History of Eurasia Past demographic expansion
• By Raphaelle Chaix (Former PhD Student)

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Age of expansion
 Mismatch distribution 
Pop 1
Pop 2
All 2 by 2 comparison
seq1
seq2
Fq
Estimation of ? 2Tu
0 2 4 6 8
Number of differences between sequences
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Age of expansion (?)
ADNmt N133
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ADNmt
?
r0.7 p0
longitude
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Age of expansion (?)
Chr Y N77
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ChrY
?
r0.3 p0.01
longitude
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Age of expansion (T)
ADNmt / Chr Y (KY)
17 5.6
27 7.4
30 7.2
25 6
31 6.6
24 7
mtDNA dating depends on the mutation
rate 30000yrs BP China to 17000yrs BP in Europe
(-27000 in CA) 62000yrs BP in China to 35000yrs
BP in Europe (-54000 in CA)
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Center of expansion ?
 intermatch distribution  (Harpending et al
2000 Excoffier et al 2004)
Pop 1
Pop 2
All 2 by 2 comparison
Fq
Fq
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8
Number of differences between sequences
Same center of expansion for the 2 populations
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Cultural expansion
Fq
0 2 4 6 8
Europe
Extrême-Orient
Asie-Centrale
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Demic expansion
Fq
0 2 4 6 8
Europe
Extrême-Orient
Asie-Centrale
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Cultural expansion with high migration rate
Demic expansion
Fq
0 2 4 6 8
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Past expansion in Eurasia

• Mitochondrial DNA East to West in Paleolithic
  (from China to Central Asia and then to Europe
  from Middle East to Europe) ? no cultural
  expansion
• Y chromosome expansion during Neolithic. Two
  centers of expansion (China and ME, Pakistan CA)
  perhaps 3 (Europe).
• For central Asia same timing for expansion as
  Middle East, a little bit earlier but not
  statistically significant.
• Differences explained by lower Ne for male

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Central Asia diversity

• 463 individuals typed for two uniparental markers
  
• Y chromosome ? Micro satellites SNP
• Mitochondrial DNA ? HVS-I RFLP
• 400 to be typed

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Y Chromosome diversity
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Genetic distances among populations chromosome Y
r gen-geo 0,85
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• Comparison of genetic and ethnological data

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From oral tradition
Common tribes ancestor
Common clans ancestor
Common lineages ancestor
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If a recent common ancestor
If no recent common ancestor
Common ancestor
Strong genetical kinship
Low genetical kinship
Patrilinear filiation ? Y chromosome study
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2 Patrilinear genetic kinship
1 Ethnological questionnaire
250 men genealogical information

• 12 microsatellites of Y chromosome

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Kinship coefficient
Mean genetic kinship coefficient for each
ethnological class of the five populations
examined in this study. KZ Kazakhs TK Turkmen
UZ Uzbeks QN Qongrat OTU On Tort Uruw.
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Kinship coefficient
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Kinship coefficient
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Kinship coefficient
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Datation
Ancestor of the clan or of the lineage
T ASD / ?
ASD mean square number of differences between
the ancestor and the individuals
T age

• mutation rate
• 2.1x 10-3 per generation

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Tribe mythical ancestor
Common clans ancestor
50 generations
App. 1500 years
Common lineages ancestor
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Conclusion
Genetical data can help decipher social
organisation Lineages and clans people share a
recent common ancestor Tribes a conglomerate
of clans who subsequently invented a mythical
ancestor to strengthen group unity
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Y chromosome

• Low diversity of some populations is explained by
  social organistaion
• Distances among populations related to
  geographical distances

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Mitochondrial DNA
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MDS based on mt DNA 12 populations (Kimura 2P
a 0.26)
KZ
KK UZ OTU
KRG KRM KRA
TK
TJK TJR
Tja Tju
r gen-geo O
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Central Asian Populations
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MDS de lADN mito
MDS based on mt DNA 28 populations (Kimura 2P
a 0.26)
Tajiks
No gen-geo correlation
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Ouighours
Kazakhs
Kazakhs
Karakalpaks_(Qongirat)
Ouzbeks
Karakalpaks
Karakalpaks_(OTU)
Uighurs
Kirghizes
Kazakhs
Kirghizes (Comas)
Ouzbeks (Korezhm)
Turkmènes
Kirghizes A
Kirghizes GM
Turkmènes
Ouzbeks
Tajiks R
Kirghizes
Tajiks A U
Tajiks
Turkmènes
Kurds_du_Turkmenistan
Ouzbeks
Shugnan_(Pamir_Tajikistan)
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Mitochondrial DNA
Mean distance (Fst) between populations Diagonal
show intra group distances
Exogamous populations
Endogamous populations
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Mitochondrial DNA

• Distances among populations not related to
  linguistic or geographical distances
• Exchange among populations differ between
  Turko-Mongol (exogamous) populations and
  Indo-Iranian (endogamous) populations

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Conclusion

• Past history clear movement from east to west in
  paleolithic strong population growth in
  neolithic.
• Exchange between populations clearly different
  for male and female
• Linguistic distances ?

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Computational linguistic

• Background

Design of the sampling Swadesh list 2/3
speakers for each sampling location (interspeaker
variation) Analyses We are not interested in
historical linguistics.
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Central Asia about 1000 CE language groups
Turkic Oguz, Kipchak, Karluk
Kipchak
Oguz
Ossetic
Karluk ?
?
Khorasmian
Sogdian
Pamirian
Persian-Tadjik
Dardic
Indo-iranian
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• We want to statistically compare genetic and
  linguistic data
• More linguistic differences among Iranian
  populations than among Turkish populations ?

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we selected distance-based approaches
We have two major linguistic groups Indo-Iranian
and Turk We will focus on them separately since
they both constitute a DIALECT-CHAIN Borrowing,
if it exists is less of a problem since it
reflects CONTACT (migrations), a kind of
information that is embedded in genetic data.
More than historical linguistics we look for a
POPULATION LINGUISTICS
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Dialectometrical Computation of
distances (Kondrak 2004, Heeringa 2004)

• Phonetic alignment
• An alignement algorithm (string mapping)
• A metric for measuring distances between phonetic
  segments
• Distance Matrices
• Correlate linguistic and geographic distances
• Correlate linguistic and genetic distances (mt
  DNA)

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From Ph Mennecier
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What remains to be done in genetic analysis

• Phylogeography of Y and mtDNA ? geographic
  patterns of genetic variation may reveal
  migrations synchronic to linguistic phenomena
  (replacement, borrowing,..)
• Autosomal markers
• Samples from Tajikistan
• Thanks all the people who participated to this
  study

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• In France
• Dr. François Jacquesson, linguist, CNRS
• Pr. Evelyne Heyer, geneticist, MNHN, CNRS
• Dr. Lluis Quintana, geneticist, CNRS, Inst.
  Pasteur
• Dr. Philippe Mennecier, linguist, MNHN
• Dr. Frederic Austerlitz, geneticist, CNRS
• Dr. Svetlana Jacquesson, anthropologist, IFEAC
• Dr. Franz Manni, geneticist, MNHN
• Dr. R Chaix (former PhD student, in Oxford)
• Dr. P Balaresque (former PhD student, in
  Leicester)
• In Central Asia
• Dr. Tatiana Hegai, geneticist, Tashkent
• Pr. Ruslan Ruzibakiev, geneticist, Tashkent
• Dr. Aldashev, geneticist , Bishkek
• Pr. Vadim Yagodin, archaeologist, Nukus
• Dr. Bakyt Amanbaeva, archaeologist, Bishkek

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Alignement
I N D U S T R Y
0
I 0
N 0
T 1
E 2
R 3 4 5
E 6
S 6
T 6 7 8
industry Subst i/i 0
industry Subst. n/n 0
intdustry Insert t 1
intedustry Insert e 1
interdustry Insert r 1
interustry Delete d 1
Interstry Delete u 1
interestry Insert e 1
Interestry Subst s/s 0
Interestry Subst t/t 0
Interesty Delete r 1
Interest Delete y 1
Total cost 8
The indels are weighted as 1 instead of 2 in a
newer version of the algorithm
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Y Chromosome diversity
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Genetic distances among populations chromosome
Y