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Evolvement of US Urban System: Part III

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Cumulative causation in reverse: Plant closure. Job loss in the linked industries ... Self-Propelling Process in Reverse. Urban Stress ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Evolvement of US Urban System: Part III


1
Evolvement of US Urban System Part III
Geo309 Urban Geography
Instructor Jun Yan Geography Department SUNY at
Buffalo
2
Last Class
  • Automobile Era and the Great Depression
    (1920-1945) Roaring 20s followed by Great
    Depression
  • Result of over-accumulation under-consumption
  • Kandratiev Long Wave
  • Keynesianism interference of government in free
    market
  • Spatial Decentralization and Metropolitan
    Consolidation (1945-1972)
  • Changing economic structure Fordism
  • Changing technologies interstate highways and
    passenger jets
  • Shrinking space
  • Regional decentralization suburbanization and
    sunbeltization
  • Metropolitan consolidation control centers and
    concentration of RD activities

3
Outline
  • Economic Crisis and Urban Restructuring
    (1972-1983)
  • Economic Restructuring and the Emergence of
    Informational Cities (1983-present)

4
Economic Crisis and Restructuring (1972-1983)
  • Economic downturn
  • Oil Crisis initiates the downturn the end of
    4th Kondratiev cycle
  • Declined productivities
  • Declined weekly wages
  • Increased unemployment rate
  • Especially, cities in Manufacturing Belt

5
Economic Crisis and Restructuring (1972-1983)
  • Start of a new Kondratiev Cycle
  • Tertiary circuit RD, education
  • New technology production process
  • New requirement of labor skill set
  • Layout a foundation for next period of economic
    restructuring
  • New competition (international) Europe Japan

6
Economic Crisis and Restructuring (1972-1983)
  • Result stagflation, decreased demand,
    unemployment, trade deficits
  • Shift from Keynesianism
  • decreased support on social welfare Proposition
    13 in California (1978) Proposition 2½ in
    Massachusetts (1980)
  • Beginning of deregulation Ronald Reagan
  • Less federal government involvement in urban
    development
  • Cities cut-back public services

7
Urban Stress
  • Long lasted stagflation 19721983
  • Deindustrialization especially manufacturing
  • Cumulative causation in reverse
  • Plant closure
  • Job loss in the linked industries
  • Job loss in service industries
  • High unemployment rate
  • Shrinking local tax base
  • Bankrupt cities
  • Discouraging investment environment

8
Self-Propelling Process in Reverse
9
Urban Stress
  • Urban Fiscal Crisis (UFC) US Department of
    Housing Urban Development
  • population growth, income, employment, poverty,
    housing
  • 1 (most prosperous)-6 (most stressed)

10
Urban Stress
11
Investment Switching Mechanism
  • Primary circuit the actual industrial production
  • Secondary circuit urban infrastructures (e.g.
    office towers)
  • Tertiary circuit RD, education
  • New technology and new production systems
  • Re-structuring of economies to get out crisis!!!

12
Emergence of Informational Cities (1983-present)
  • A series of new technologies
  • Production process automatic, computerized
    system
  • Transaction computerized inventory system
  • Circulation satellites, fax, microwave, cell
    phone, internet
  • Economic restructuring
  • Capital-labor relationship substitution of
    labor, labor militarism
  • Reagan reforms new federalism deregulation,
    increase spending on defense
  • Development of new international and
    inter-metropolitan division of labors constantly
    change urban system social stability of cities

13
Economics Basics Types of Economic Activity
  • Primary
  • farm, fishing, forestry, mining
  • Secondary (manufacturing)
  • Cars, furniture, computer, clothes
  • Tertiary (service)
  • Education, transportation, utility, insurance,
    banks

14
Economics Basics Types of Economic Activity
Changing Employment
15
Emergence of Informational Cities (1983-present)
  • Transformation from manufacturing to service
    industries
  • New transport, transaction, communication
    technologies
  • time-space compression
  • More specialized in services
  • The importance of information/knowledge
    agglomeration of services services are
    concentrated at large metropolitan areas the
    profitability of a business relies on making best
    use of information
  • Space of flow not physical distance between
    cities matters but the intensity of their
    interactions
  • Mark the beginning of advanced capitalism

16
Growth of Jobs in Services
17
Growth of Jobs in Services
18
Space of Flow
19
Informational Cities
20
Next Class
  • Economic Restructuring and the Emergence of
    Informational Cities (1983-present)
  • Functional Hierarchy
  • Demographic and Social Changes
  • Reading chp 3. pp 5971
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