Climate Change

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Climate Change
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What is climate change?

• Weather changes all times.
• Climate naturally is stable but human activities
  cause climate change rapidly.

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What is major cause of climate change?

• CO2 is one of greenhouse gas caused by human
  activities.
• CO2 traps solar heat in the atmosphere then air
  temperature is increased.
• Global warming increased about 0.3-0.6OC during
  1860-1994.

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Human activities v.s. climate change

• Major contributors (80-85 of CO2 being added to
  atmosphere
• Coal, oil and natural gas through combustion and
  release CO2

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• Modest contributors
• Deforestation CO2 is released by wood burning
• CO2 from deforestation in tropical regions are
  responsible for 15-20 of CO2 emission.

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• Paddy rice field, landfills produce methane and
  other greenhouse gas which causes about 30 of
  warming
• Fertiliser and other chemicals release N2O cause
  about 10 of warming

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• Not significant causes of climate change
• Aerosol spray cans (cause the loss of ozone
  layer)
• nuclear power (no CO2 emission but high
  environmental risk of catastrophic accidents)
• the space programme
• toxic waste

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What are effects of climate change?

• Example of changes
• The amount of pattern of rain and snow
• the length of growing season
• the frequency and severity of storm
• The change of sea level rise

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What are feedbacks of climate change?

• CO2 acts as fertilizer
• to make plants grow faster and result in negative
  feedback to slowing the rate of warming.
• Earth warms causes snow and ice to melt.
• The ground is exposed with the sunlight and
  absorbed by the earth so it results positive
  feedback.

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How much warming will there be?

• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
  has projected further increase in global surface
  temperature of 1-3.5 oC by the year 2100 as
  compared with 1990.

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IPCC Projection (Oct 2001)

• CO2 concentration in 2100 of 540-970 ppm.
• An increase in globally averaged surface
  temperature of 1.4-5.8oC.
• An increase in sea level of 0.09-0.88m.

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Can you suggest the solutions for CO2 emission
reduction in Thailand?
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Impacts of climate change to Tropical Asia

• Ecosytems
• Water resources
• Food and fiber production
• Coastal systems
• Human health

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Ecosystems

• Changes in the distribution and health of
  rainforest and drier monsoon forest will be
  complex.
• In Thailand, the area of tropical forest could
  increase from 45 to 80 of total forest cover
  (prediction ???) and in Sri Lanka will increase
  in dry forest and decrease in wet forest.

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Water resources

• The Himalayas are expected to result in increased
  recession of glaciers and increasing danger from
  glacial lake outburst floods caused by increased
  temperature and precipitation.

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Food and fiber production

• Climate change impacts could result in
  significant changes in
• crop yield
• production
• storage
• distribution
• The net effect of changes in regionwide is
  uncertain.

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Coastal systems

• Sea-level rise is the climate-related impact on
  large delta regions such as
• Bangladesh
• Myanmar
• Vietnam
• Thailand
• Indonesia
• Philippines
• Malaysia

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Human health

• Some vector-borne diseases are expected to
  increase in Tropical Asia with global warming.
• Epidemic potential of
• Malaria (increase 12-27)
• Schistosomiasis (decrease 11-17)
• Dengue (increase 31-47)

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What can be done about climate change?

• To control the future emission of CO2 and other
  greenhouse gases
• To reduce emission from baseline of 1990

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• To reduce energy consumption with improving
  energy efficiency
• To search new energy source as renewable or clean
  energy

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Abatement options

• Consider 3 kinds of options
• 1. Improved energy efficiency
• 2. Use of cleaner energy
• 3. Changes in agriculture and forestry

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1. Improved energy efficiency

• Reduced energy use in building as eco-design to
  save energy
• Improved fuel efficiency of new cars by
  increased average mileage
• Make appliances more efficient refrigerators,
  dishwasher, etc are used new technology to save
  energy

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Example of energy safe

• Lighting
• Incandescent lamps have been replaced by compact
  fluorescent lamps.
• This compact (18 watt) can save over its
  lifetime
• 1 tonne of CO2 , 4kg of SO2, 1kg of N2O from
  coal-fired plant
• 200 litres of oil fed into an oil-fired power
  station

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• Energy-save house (Eco-design)
• Traditional Thai house
• save energy and appropriate with tropical climate
• Eco-design house
• modern house with energy save-concept

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• Office equipment
• Computers
• Desktop computer and screen use electricity at a
  rate of 150 watts which compares to portable
  computer use at 1.5 watts.
• Printers
• Ink-jet printers and fax machines use only 1-2
  as much electricity as laser printers.

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2. Use of cleaner energy

• Switching to
• lower-carbon or carbon-free energy
• renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy,
  biomass energy)

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Example of clean energy

• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Thermal energy
• Biomass energy

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3. Change in agriculture and forestry

• Rice paddy field
• to provide new technique to minimise CO2 emission
• Livestock
• feed improvement and manure management in order
  to reduce CH4 emission

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• Forestry
• to protect existing forest and enhance to
  increase forest area
• to preserve forest as carbon sink
• to manage forest products as long-life materials

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How can human solve this problem?

• UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on
  Climate Change) in 1992
• Responding to concern that human activities are
  increasing GHGs concentration in the atmosphere.

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• Kyoto Protocol is one protocol to UNFCCC to
  reduce GHGs emission by harnessing the force of
  the global marketplace to protect environment.
• A central feature of protocol is a set of binding
  emission targets for developed countries based on
  1990 baselines.

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Thailand ratified on UNFCC in 1994

• Office of Environmental Policy and Planning
  (OEPP), MoSTE has also signed the Kyoto Protocol
  in 1999 but has yet to ratify it.
• Thailand participated in COP7 (7th Conference of
  the Parties) to make decision for Kyoto Protocol
  ratification in 2001??.

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Emission targets (2008-2012)

• European Union
• USA
• Japan, Canada
• Eastern European countries
• Annex A
• Average reduction

• 8 below 1990 levels
• 7
• 6
• 5-8
• 5
• 5.2

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Is it possible to reduce CO2 emission without
US. Cooperation and commitment?
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