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Development of Islam

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Title: Development of Islam


1
Development of Islam
  • Chris Anderson
  • Randolph-Henry High School
  • Charlotte County
  • andersoncm_at_ccps.k12.va.us

2
Development of Islam
  • The Islamic faith developed on the Arabian
    Peninsula
  • Most of the peninsula is remote desertmaking the
    area safe from attack
  • The Arabs in the area were able to develop their
    own civilization and culture

3
Development of Islam
  • Geography
  • The Arabian Peninsula lies between the Red Sea
    and Persian Gulfabout 1 million square miles
  • Most of the peninsula is arid plains and deserts
  • When it does rain, grasses grow very quickly
  • Many oases exist in the region

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Development of Islam
  • Early People
  • The early Arabs were Bedouinsnomadic herders
  • They herded goats, camels, and sheep
  • Lived in tents made of camel or goat hair
  • The Bedouin lived in tribes, mostly of related
    families
  • Family ties were valued because they ensured
    protection and survival

6
Development of Islam
  • Early People
  • A sheikhchiefled each tribe
  • The sheikh was advised by a council of elders
  • Survival in the desert depending on everyone
    obeying tribal rules
  • Warfare was very common among the different
    tribes
  • The stealing of the herds led to many
    disagreements

7
Development of Islam
  • Early People
  • The Bedouins believed in retaliationan eye for
    an eye justice
  • Blood feuds existed between many tribes

8
Development of Islam
  • Early People
  • AD 500smany tribes began to settle around the
    oases or in fertile areas to form cities
  • Many market towns were established
  • Yathrib
  • Taif
  • Mecca (Makkah)the most important trading city

9
Development of Islam
  • Mecca
  • People from all over the Arabian Peninsula to
    Mecca (Makkah) to trade
  • Arabs also came to Mecca (Makkah) to worship at
    Arabias holiest shrineKaaba
  • The Kaaba contained statues of the many Arab gods

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Development of Islam
  • Signs of Change
  • Constant contact with the Byzantine Empire
    introduced the idea of monotheism (both Judaism
    and Christianity) to the Arabs
  • Many of the idol worshipping Arabs became
    dissatisfied with their own religion
  • These Arabs began searching for new religions

12
Development of Islam
  • Signs of Change
  • Hanifs (holy men) began to denounce the idol
    worship and advocate monotheism
  • The Hanifs also rejected Judaism and Christianity
  • The Hanifs wanted an Arab monotheistic religion
  • A new Arab monotheistic aroseIslam --submission
    to the will of Allah (God)

13
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • The prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca (Makkah)
    around AD 570
  • He was orphaned early on and raised by an uncle
  • As a teen, he worked as a caravan leader
  • He was known as a honest man and able caravan
    leader

14
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • He married a wealthy widow named Khadijashe was
    much older than he
  • He was 25, she was 40
  • His marriage to Khadija eliminated all of
    Muhammads financial worries
  • He devoted his time to reflecting on the meaning
    of life

15
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Muhammad spent a lot of time alone praying,
    fasting, and meditating
  • He disliked the worship of idols
  • He disliked the immorality of city life
  • AD 610Muhammad had a series of revelations
  • He heard a voice calling to himthe voice was of
    Allah (God)

16
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Allah told Muhammad to Recite!
  • Allah also told Muhammad to rise and warn the
    people about divine judgment
  • Muhammad had his doubts, but accepted his mission

17
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • AD 613Muhammad began sharing his ideas with his
    friends and family
  • He set out to preach his message to the people of
    Mecca (Makkah)
  • He told the people that Allah was the only true
    God
  • He warned the people of Mecca (Makkah) to live
    their lives in preparation for judgment

18
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Most of the early converts came from Meccas
    (Makkahs) poor
  • The majority of the people in Mecca (Makkah)
    rejected Muhammads message
  • The wealthy merchants feared monotheism would
    stop people from coming to Mecca (Makkah) and
    threaten the merchants profits
  • Meccas (Makkahs) merchants began to persecute
    Muhammad and the Muslims

19
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Muhammad continued to preach in Mecca (Makkah)
    until threats were made on his life
  • He found solace in the city of Yathrib
  • AD 622Muhammad sent 60 Muslim families out of
    Mecca (Makkah) to Yathribcalled the Hijrah
  • 622 marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar

20
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • The people of Yathrib accepted Muhammad as the
    messenger of God and ruler of their city
  • The citys name was changed to Madinah

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Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • AD 624Muhammad created the Madinah Compact
  • The law decreed that all Muslims should place
    loyalty to the Islamic community over the tribe
  • This was an attempt to end the blood feuds
  • Jews and Christians were protected as long as
    they accepted the political authority of the
    Islamic community

23
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • The Madinah Compact showed that Muhammad was a
    political organizer and wise decision maker
  • The Madinah Compact created an Islamic state and
    culture

24
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Mecca (Makkah) tried to invade Madinah, but
    failed to take the city
  • AD 630Muhammad returned to Mecca (Makkah) with
    is messageactually, it was a military invasion
  • This time, he faced little opposition
  • Meccas (Makkahs) people accepted Islam and
    acknowledged Muhammad as Allahs prophet

25
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and
    turned the shrine into a place of worship for
    Muslim pilgrims
  • Muhammads preaching began reaching into other
    parts of Arabia
  • By 631he had gained the following of the entire
    peninsula

26
Development of Islam
  • Muhammad
  • AD 632Muhammad died
  • He left behind 2 major achievements
  • A new monotheistic religionIslam
  • A well organized political community

27
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • The Quran (Koran) is the Muslim holy book
  • The Quran was created after Muhammads death
  • The holy book houses the many conversations
    between Muhammad and the angel Gabriel
  • The word Quran means recital

28
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • The Quran is believed to contain Gods message as
    revealed to the prophet Muhammad
  • The Quran has many stories, similar to the Bible
  • Noahs Ark
  • Jonah and the whale

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30
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • The Quran present the basic moral values of Islam
  • Muslims must honor their parents
  • Show kindness to neighbors
  • Protect orphans and widows
  • Give generously to the poor
  • Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery are
    condemned
  • Gambling, the eating of pork, and the drinking of
    alcohol are prohibited
  • The Quran also has rules for divorce marriage

31
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • The Quran also presents the Five Pillars of
    Islamthe five essential duties of all Muslims
  • Faith
  • Prayer
  • Fasting
  • The giving of alms
  • Pilgrimage

32
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • 1.) Faith
  • the belief in Allahthe one true, merciful God
  • 2.) Prayer
  • Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing
    Meccasunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and
    evening

33
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • 3.) Fasting
  • Occurs during the month of Ramadanthe 9th month
    in the Muslim calendar
  • Muslims must not eat or drink from sunrise to
    sunset

34
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • 4.) Alms giving
  • Charity
  • Wealth should be used to assist the poor and weak
  • Practiced privately through contributions or
    through a state tax

35
Development of Islam
  • Muslim beliefs and practices
  • 5.) Pilgrimage
  • Every Muslim is to make a trip to Mecca before
    they die
  • The trip is called a hajj

36
Spread of Islam
  • When Muhammad died, he left no instructions on
    who would succeed him as leader of Islam
  • The Muslims knew no one could replace Muhammad as
    a messenger to God
  • Muhammads replacement would be a political
    leader over the Islamic state

37
Spread of Islam
  • Muhammads successors would be known as caliphs
    (successors)
  • The caliphs were successors as political leaders,
    not as prophets
  • The 1st 4 caliphs were called the Rightly Guided
    Caliphs
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs were friends or
    relatives of Muhammad

38
Spread of Islam
  • The 1st Rightly Guided CaliphAbu Bakr
  • Muhammads father-in-law and close friend
  • The last Rightly Guided CaliphAli
  • Muhammads son-in-law
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs followed Muhammads
    example and kept in close contact with the people

39
Spread of Islam
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs wanted to protect and
    spread Islam
  • They used military expeditions to spread Islam
    beyond the Arabian Peninsula
  • Arab armies swept forth against the weakened
    Byzantine and Persian empires
  • By 650the Muslims had taken Palestine, Syria,
    Iraq, Persia, and Egypt

40
Division within Islam
  • Rival groups were fighting for control over the
    caliphate (seat of the caliph)
  • The struggle began under the reign of the 4th
    caliphAliin 656
  • One of Alis most powerful rivals was
    Muawiyahthe governor of Syria
  • Muawiyah was also the nephew of the 3rd Caliph
    who had been murdered

41
Division within Islam
  • Muawiyah accused Alis followers of the killing
    of his uncle
  • Ali tried to depose Muawiyah, but Muawiyah
    refused to step down
  • Muawiyah quickly took over Egypt and parts of
    Iraq
  • 661Ali was murdered
  • Alis oldest son turned down the caliphate

42
Division within Islam
  • Muawiyah made himself caliph and established the
    Umayyad Dynasty
  • Alis followersknown as Shiitesnever accepted
    Muawiyah as the new caliph
  • All of the violence led to a split in Islam
  • Shiites (Shia)
  • Sunni

43
Division within Islam
  • Sunni Muslims
  • The majority of the worlds Muslims
  • The caliph can be any devout Muslim who is
    accepted by the people
  • Shiite (Shia) Islam
  • Live mostly in Iraq and Iran
  • The caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

44
Umayyad Dynasty
  • The Umayyad Dynasty ruled over the Islamic State
    from 661 to 750
  • The Umayyads moved the capital from Madinah to
    Damscus, Syria
  • Umayyad warriors carried Islam into India and
    China, parts of North Africa, into Spain, and
    southern areas of Christian Europe

45
Umayyad Dynasty
  • By 716the Muslims controlled nearly all of Spain
  • The Muslims pushed halfway into France before
    they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in 732
  • The Battle of Tours halted the spread of Islam
    into Western Europe

46
Umayyad Dynasty
  • The Umayyads built a very powerful Islamic State
  • The Umayyad united the lands they ruled
  • Used a civil service system
  • They improved conditions for Jews and Christian
    under their rule
  • The Jews and Christians were tolerated as long as
    they paid a tax to the Umayyad leaders

47
Umayyad Dynasty
  • Non-Arab Muslims disliked Umayyad rule
  • The non-Arab Muslims paid higher taxes, received
    lower wages, and were discriminated against
  • 747non-Arab Muslims joined with anti-Umayyad
    Arabs
  • They built an army and overthrew the Umayyad
    dynasty

48
Abbasid Dynasty
  • A new caliph was put in placeAbul-Abbas
  • Abul-Abbas established the Abbasid Dynasty
  • He built a new capital in Baghdadalong the
    Tigris River
  • The Abbasids ruled the Islamic state from 750 to
    1258

49
Abbasid Dynasty
  • Under the Abbasids, the lands the Umayyads
    conquered slowly slipped away
  • By the 1000s, the Abbasids ruled little more than
    the city of Baghdad
  • 1055Baghdad was captured by the Seljuk Turks
  • 1100sChristian soldiers (crusaders) from western
    Europe were in a Holy War against Islam

50
Abbasid Dynasty
  • 1258the Mongols from Asia invaded Baghdad
  • The Mongols ended the Abbasid Dynasty

51
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Family Life
  • The Quran told Muslims that men are responsible
    for women
  • Women were considered wives, mothers, daughters,
    or sisters to the male family members

52
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Family Life
  • Womens standing in society did improve some
  • The tribal custom of killing daughters was ended
  • Women could control their own property
  • Many women learned to read and write

53
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Family Life
  • Women were expected to stay at home and care for
    the house
  • Women did not go into public except to go
    shopping and to the mosque
  • Girls usually married young

54
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Family Life
  • Islamic society was a mans world
  • Men could have up to 4 wives
  • The wives were to be treated equally
  • Muslim men worked in business or on farms
  • Men went to public baths and meeting places to
    talk for leisure

55
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Education
  • Muslim boys at age 7 entered Mosque schools
  • The schools cost very little and were open to all
    boys
  • Muslims valued the ability to speak and write
    Arabic fluently
  • Wealthy young men continued their education at
    Madrasastheological schools

56
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Urban Centers
  • City homes were designed for privacy and to keep
    the people cool in the extreme heat
  • The main government, religious, and business
    buildings were located in the center of the city
  • The city skyline was dominated by the silhouettes
    of the mosques

57
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Urban Centers
  • Muslim mosques had slender towersminarets
  • Mosques contained schools and shelters for the
    Muslim people

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Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Urban Centers
  • Muslim merchants dominated trade in the Middle
    East and North Africa until the 1400s
  • Goods were traded in the city bazaars and markets

60
Islamic Civilization and Culture
  • Rural Areas
  • Growing food for the Islamic state was very
    difficult
  • The climate was dry
  • Water was scarce
  • Farmers made good use of the few areas that would
    sustain crops
  • Farmers used many methods to produce surpluses
  • Irrigation
  • Crop rotation
  • fertilization

61
Islamic Achievements
  • House of Wisdom
  • Founded by the Abbasid caliphMamun
  • Founded in Baghdad in AD 830
  • It was a research center and library
  • Scientific experiments were conducted at the
    House of Wisdom
  • Greek, Persian, and Indian texts were translated
    into Arabic

62
Islamic Achievements
  • Mathematics
  • Muslim mathematicians adopted the Indians numbers
    and the zero, calling the numbers Arabic numerals
  • Muslim mathematicians invented Algebra
  • Muslim mathematicians spent hours solving
    complicated mathematical puzzles

63
Islamic Achievements
  • Astronomy and Geography
  • Muslim astronomers made mathematical models of
    the universe
  • They described eclipses of the sun and moon
  • They also proved the moon had an effect on the
    ocean

64
Islamic Achievements
  • Astronomy and Geography
  • Muslim astronomers improved the astrolabeused to
    help navigate
  • Astronomers measured the size and circumference
    of the earth
  • By the 1100sMuslim geographers had determined
    the basic outlines of Asia, Europe, and North
    Africa

65
Islamic Achievements
  • Chemistry and Medicine
  • Al-Razi was a Muslim scientist who classified
    chemical substances as either animal, mineral, or
    vegetable
  • Al-Razi also wrote an encyclopedia devoted to
    medicine which described different diseases
  • Doctor Ibn Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine
    outlining all medical knowledge of the time
  • The volume described the circulation of blood
  • It offered diagnosis and treatment for many
    diseases

66
Islamic Achievements
  • Chemistry and Medicine
  • Muslim physicians created the science of
    opticsstudy of sight
  • Muslim medicine was centuries ahead of western
    medicine

67
Islamic Achievements
  • Art and Architecture
  • Muslim religion would not allow images of
    creatures or humans to be displayed on or in the
    mosques
  • Muslim artists used Arabic script to decorate the
    mosques
  • The calligraphy would be accompanied by geometric
    designs entwined with leaves, stems, and flowers
  • These type of decorations are called arabesques

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69
Islamic Achievements
  • Literature
  • The Quran set the standard by which other Arabic
    literature would be judged
  • Kalila and Dimnaa collection of animal fables
    that taught moral lessons
  • Arabian Nights

70
Islamic Achievements
  • Philosophy and History
  • Muslim philosophers tried to create systems of
    thought that would reconcile the teachings of the
    Quran with Greek philosophy
  • Islamic historians wrote chronicles of history
    and later organized history around the lives of
    their rulers
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