Social%20Influence%202

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Social Influence 2
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Deindividuation

• Loss of individual identity in presence of group
• Occurs in large groups
• e.g., looting, rioting
• Physical anonymity
• e.g., Would KKK members burn crosses if they
  werent wearing hoods?
• Diminished self-awareness

Jump bitch jump
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Kitty Genovese

• New York City, 1964
• Kitty Genovese was raped and murdered while at
  least 38 neighbors looked on
• nobody phoned the police until after the attacker
  left the scene
• When asked why they didnt act, bystanders said
  things like, I just dont know, or I just
  didnt want to get involved.

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Bystander Apathy

• field studies (Harold Takooshian)
• New York City
• bicycle theft
• wallet pickpocketing
• man put unconscious woman in car trunk
• 20 replications, no intervention
• why car alarms suck
• 95-99 false alarms
• few people stop thieves (1-5)
• field study (Takooshian)
• 8 intervened
• 15 helped thief break in
• many people complain (60) and some damage car
  out of aggravation
• doesnt deter real thieves
• waste of police resources

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Bystander Apathy

• Experiment (Latane and Darley, 1970)
• subjects heard student in adjacent room having an
  epileptic seizure and gasping for help
• likelihood and speed of intervention depended on
  how many others subject though were present

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Why Dont People Help?

• ambiguity
• risks to self
• anonymity
• diffusion of responsibility

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Diffusion of Responsibility

• I used to ask myself, Why doesnt somebody do
  something?! Then I realized I am somebody.
• -- Jane Wagner

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Practice What You Preach

• Experiment (Darley Batson, 1973)
• Princeton Theology Seminary students were on
  their way to give a sermon about The Good
  Samaritan
• Good Samaritan New Testament figure who takes
  time to help injured man at a roadside
• Subjects were deliberately made to be early,
  on-time, or late
• On their way through an alley, the seminary
  students found a man slumped in a doorway,
  coughing and groaning
• What do you think they did?

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Persuasion

• Robert Cialdini, social psychologist who trained
  with the best
• reciprocity
• Hare Krishnas flower power Please, it is a
  gift for you.
• preys on reciprocal altruism
• lowballing
• Would you be a subject in an experiment at 700
  a.m.?
• 24 yes
• Would you be a subject in an experiment? Yes?
  By the way, its at 700 a.m.
• 56 yes, 95 of them showed up
• Ill give the car to you for 7,000. I need to
  discuss this with my manager. The manager says
  you can have it for only 7,300.
• door-in-the face technique
• foot-in-the-door technique

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Social Impact Theory
Convergence of social forces
Diffusion of social impact
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Freud in a Nutshell
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Sigmunds Greatest Hits
See text, Ch. 15, FQ 26-32

1. Psychoanalysis
2. Id, Ego, Superego
3. Psychosexual stages of Development
4. Freudian slip
5. Oedipal Complex (and Electra Complex)
6. Defense Mechanisms
7. Interpretation of Dreams
8. Penis Envy
9. Influence on later psychologists
10. Cocaine

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1. Psychoanalysis

• hysterical women in Vienna
• the talking cure
• catharsis explosive release of pent up emotions
• hypnosis
• free association
• Anna O.

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2. Id, Ego, Superego

• unconscious
• driven by libido
• pleasure principle

• conscience

• reality principle

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3. Psychosexual Stages of Development
oral
anal
phallic
latent
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Fixation

• Example Anal retentiveness

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Sigmunds Greatest Hits

• 4. Freudian slip
• subconscious, often sexual, thoughts lead to
  misspeaking
• 5. Oedipal (Electra) complex
• boys (girls) are in love with their mothers
  (fathers)
• 6. Defense Mechanisms
• e.g., repression
• 7. Interpretation of Dreams
• latent vs. manifest content
• 8. Penis envy
• 9. Later psychologists
• Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, Karen Horney
• 10. Cocaine

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Three Revolutions in Human Thought( according
to Freud himself)

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
• the earth is not the centre of the universe

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• humans are not special, they are just a species
  like any other animals

• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• humans are not motivated only by their conscious
  thoughts but largely by unconscious (and often
  unpleasant) motives

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Praise for Freud

• most influential psychologist ever
• psychoanalysis has been very popular
• huge impact on pop culture
• recognized importance of unconscious influences
  on behavior
• recognized importance of early development on
  adult behavior

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Critiques of Freud

• real theories make testable predictions and can
  be disproved
• subjective, unverified analyses
• experiments have not supported theories
• theories of development were not based on
  observing children
• hysterical women in Vienna are not representative
• some argue he was misogynistic