Command and Control

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Command and Control

• C4I
• Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
• Intelligence

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Command and Control Definitions

• Command
• Authority, responsibility and accountability.
• Control
• Conduct/Guidance of operations.
• Communication
• Dissemination of information.
• Strategic
• Big picture the plan.
• Tactical
• Local picture executing the plan.

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Computer Requirements
Command and Control Definitions

• Sort, process, organize, correlate, and
  disseminate information in near real-time.
• Blend critical tactical, operational and
  administrative data to meet tactical objectives.
• Present information in a multi-media format to
  best suit the operator or equipment
• Have a standardize equipment to reduce training
  and increase proficiency
• Have standardized hardware design to allow
  upgrade and additions to equipment.

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Inherent Problems With Automated Systems
Command and Control Definitions
1. Evaluation 2. Orientation 3. Cost 4.
Decision Making 5. Discipline 6. Survivability
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Intelligence
Command and Control Definitions
The result of collecting, exploiting, processing,
integrating, analyzing and interpreting informati
on.
Types
1. Strategic Intelligence 2. Tactical
Intelligence
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Command and Control Definitions, C4I
Intelligence Functions

• Prepare the Battlespace
• Define environment or physical characteristics.
• Evaluate the threat and the threats course of
  action.
• Provide Early Warning
• Evaluate the situation (current actions
  changes)
• Identify and Target the Enemys Vulnerabilities
• Assess Battle Damage (own and enemys)
• Manage Intelligence Information
• Prevent Enemys Intelligence Efforts (Offensive
  Defensive

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Information Warfare (IW)
Command and Control Definitions
IW is action taken to preserve the integrity of
ones information systems from exploitation,
disruption, and destruction while achieving an
information advantage over the enemy.
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IW Tools
Command and Control Definitions

• Surveillance Systems
• Satellites
• Electronic Warfare and Signal Intelligence
• Human Intelligence
• Communications Systems
• Tactical Network
• Computers
• Database management

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Command and Control
Command and Control Definitions

• Refers to the commanders process and system used
  during decision making and analysis.
• Process planning, directing, coordinating and
  controlling our forces and operations.
• System - personnel, equipment, and facilities
  employed.

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CC Elements
Command and Control Definitions

• Collecting, processing, disseminating, and
  protecting information.
• Gaining situational knowledge, making decisions,
  and coordinating forces.
• Influencing the actions of our forces.
• Imposing our will on the enemy.

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Environmental Factors
Command and Control Definitions

• Uncertainty
• Knowing vs. Not-knowing
• How do we reduce uncertainty?
• Data -gt Information -gt Knowledge
• Time
• Perishable
• Tempo

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Evolution of CC
Command and Control

• 1805 Battle of Trafalgar, Nelson used 3 signal
  flag hoists to coordinate movements of British
  Fleet
• 1991 Schwarzkopf used 700,000 phone calls and
  152,000 radio messages per day ot coordinate
  coalition forces.

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Command and Control Process Decision Making
Theory

• Information becomes Knowledge.
• Understanding the commanders intent
• Unity of effort.
• Analytical process
• several options generated
• weigh advantages/ disadvantages of each
• thorough, yet time consuming
• Intuitive process
• relies on commanders experience
• finds first solution not best solution
• more than one solution meets a problem

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Command and Control Process Methods of Control

• Balance between directing operations and granting
  freedom to subordinates
• Detailed control (tight reign)
• CC is centralized
• vertical information flow
• Mission control (loose reign)
• decentralized and flexible
• horizontal information flow

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Security
Command and Control Process
Protection resulting from all measures designed
to deny unauthorized persons information and the
possession of telecommunications data. Called
CMS.
Crypto Security Transmission Security Emission
Security Physical Security
Elements
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Putting It All Together - C4I
Command and Control System C4I
Command
Computers
C4I
Control
Intelligence
Communications
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Command and Control System C4I Rationale

• Faster response times required.
• Joint Operations require high levels of
  coordination.
• More sophisticated weapons require more
  information.

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Command and Control System C4I Functions

• Create a common tactical picture. Ensures all
  information is available to operators
  commanders.
• Ensure connectivity and info exchange.
• Send information directly from sensor to shooter.
• Employ Information Warfare (IW).

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Command and Control System C4I Objectives
1. Defeat the enemy by destroying its C2W
systems. 2. Separate the enemys command
structure from its forces. 3. Protect
ones own C2W forces. 4. Connect commanders and
forces.
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Command and Control System C4I Characteristics

• Reliable
• Secure
• Timely
• Flexible
• Interoperable
• Survivable

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Command and Control System C4I Tools

• Operational Security
• Military Deception
• Psychological Operations
• Electronic Warfare
• Physical Destruction

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C2W Decision Making Cycle
Command and Control System C4I
Observe
Orient
Act
Decide
(OODA loop)
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Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS)
Command and Control System C4I
Interceptor
Interceptor
Early Warning Aircraft
Link 4A
Link 4A
Link 11
Link 11
Link 14
NTDS Ship
Non-NTDS Ship
NTDS Ship
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NTDS
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Navy Tactical Data System
• Purpose
• Allows data collected from multiple platforms to
  be shared
• Users Ships, planes, shore stations
• Link 11
• Link 16

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What info does it share?
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Contact info
• Type of contact
• ID / Track
• Course / Speed
• Altitude
• IFF Mode
• Weapons / sensor status of others

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How does it work?
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• It takes sensor data from each user and creating
  a common picture and distributes the info to all
  users
• Requires constant human interface, especially in
  ID ing contacts

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Symbology
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Once the identification process has been
  completed, corresponding symbology is placed on
  the track so everyone can know the ID.

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Symbology
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Friendly tracks are circles or half circles
  depending on platform
• Unknown are squares or half squares
• Hostiles are diamonds or half diamonds

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Optasks
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Optasks are governing instructions used by a
  battle group. Tell you how to conduct business
• Optask for each warfare area
• Differ in every area of the world based on threat
  and geopolitical situation

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Identification
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Hardest part
• Optask ID contains template / flowchart for
  identifying contacts as friendly, unknown, or
  hostile.
• Based on some of the following
• IFF, Altitude, Profile, Where it came from, Com
  air routes, VID

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IFF
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Identification friend or foe
• M 1 - Mission
• M 2 - Squadron
• M 3 - General squawk, all have it
• M 4 - US or allied
• Transponder on aircraft / ship sends and receives
  IFF signal

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Track info
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• TN / ID Which ship made ID
• Location Lat / Long
• Cse / Spd
• Alt
• IFF
• CPA
• Amp Data

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Data Link
Command and Control System C4I - NTDS

• Limitations
• range
• equipment
• operators
• jamming (link 16 jam resistant)
• cant shoot SAMs unless you have radar contact,
  cant shoot at anothers link track

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QUESTIONS?