Chapter 30 Chills and Fever During the Cold War, 19451960

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Chapter 30Chills and Fever During the Cold War,
1945-1960
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I. Origins of the Cold War
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The American Stance/ Soviet Aims

• The United States emerged from World War II more
  powerful than any other nation and it sought to
  use that power in the creation of a world order
  based on the ideals of democracy
• Soviet aims included rebuilding after the ravages
  of war, and a restructuring of her borders to
  prevent a repeat German invasion

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Early Cold War Leadership

• Eisenhower saw Communism as a overreaching world
  force bent on domination through subversive
  activity
• Joseph Stalin, the soviet Leader, possessed
  almost unlimited power and answered to no one
• Americans distrusted Soviet political aims and
  generally equated Communism with the Nazi state

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Containing the Soviet Union
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Containment Defined

• George Kennan is generally credited with defining
  Americas response to the aggressiveness of the
  Soviet Union
• Containment theory taught that the Soviets would
  never turn from their plans of world domination
  unless hindered by force at every turn
• Containment created the need for America to
  assist any country that was perceived to be
  falling under the influence of the Soviets

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The Truman Doctrine

• I believe that it must be the policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by
  outside pressures.
• --Harry Truman

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The Next Steps

• The Marshall Plan rebuilding the devastations
  of war-torn Europe with massive American aid
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a
  twelve-member alliance that vowed that an attack
  on one nation-member would be an attack on all

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Containment in Asia and the Middle East
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Asia

• Internal conflict in China produced a revolution
  to Communism that the U.S. was in no position to
  stifle
• War on the Korean peninsula produced a stalemate
  between a communist North and a democratic South
  that exists to this day
• Vietnam, an American conflict inherited from the
  French, closely resembled the problems of Korea
  with one exception communism won

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The Middle East

• The state of Israel, created by the United
  Nations as a homeland for the Diaspora Jews of
  the Holocaust, unfortunately displaced thousands
  of Palestinian Arabs from their traditional lands
  along the Mediterranean
• This action solidified Arab hatred of the western
  sponsors of Israel and put in motion a series of
  war and death that survives to this day

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The Cold War at Home
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Trumans Loyalty Program

• Truman, worried about the influence of communism
  within the borders of the U.S., created the
  Employee Loyalty Program in 1947
• Although only dismissing several hundred
  employees overall, Trumans program set a
  precedent for government review of who could be
  considered a threat due to a belief system

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Joe McCarthy

• The key anti-Communist Senator of the 1950s
• Virtually unknown beforehand, he make a
  reputation uncovering Communist plots and
  targeting anyone outside his narrow version of
  American
• General public alarm over the evils of Communism
  allowed McCarthy the latitude to destroy many
  reputations needlessly

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Warm Up

• List 10 classroom appropriate things that make
  you happy
• How Many of these things are material goods
• In this section you will see the rise of material
  wealth of the Americans during the 1950s

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An Affluent Society

• At the end of WWII Americans were ready to settle
  down.
• Industry started producing huge amounts of goods.
• People waited to buy the newest model car with
  tail fins and used the countrys expanding
  highway system.
• You see further expansion of Leisure time

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An Economy of Abundance

• 1958 John Galbraith claims that Americas wealth
  is a new phenomena in his book The Affluent
  Society. Claimed the the U.S. no longer faced an
  economy of scarcity but an economy of abundance.
  This allowed for people to produce and consume an
  endless amounts of goods

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• Some accused Galbraith of overstating the U.S.
  success. By 1960 the wealthiest 5 received only
  18 percent of the nations income.
• Home ownership increased to 60 percent.
• People were more secure financially then they
  ever were before

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Technological and Scientific Progress

• The U.S. led the world in Technological
  advancements.
• See the beginning of automated production
• First computers are developed to keep records of
  bookepping. These things actually created more
  jobs than they replaced
• 1955 Dr. Jonas Salk develops a vaccine for polio,
  other diseases are almost eradicated and life
  expectancy increases.

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From cities to suburbs

• People moved, and large communities were created
  complete with shopping malls
• The Highway Act of 1956 greatly expanded the
  nations highway system. These were not without
  problems.
• Cities had trouble providing basic public services

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Pressure to conform

• Who wouldnt want the newest house car and T.V.?
  These things were the American Dream.
• Suburban life meant conformity. Think Edward
  Scissorhands. Minorities would be blocked from
  buying homes.
• Various writers detailed these pressures
• David ReismanThe Lonely crowd
• William WyhteThe organization Man
• Sloan Wilson The man in the Gray Flannel Shirt

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Changes in Family Life

• Women were thought to be best served returing to
  family life.
• Ben Spocks Pocket Book on Baby and Child
  carestressed the rewards of raising children
  saying it was more important than material
  wealth. Creation of the Glass ceiling.
• Women dropped out of school and got married.
• Leads to more births 1945-1961 65million born in
  the U.S..
• Parents wanted their kids to have everything.
  Critics countered that this new freedom led to
  juvenile delinquency

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The Impact of Television

• By 1950 most homes owned a Television.
• 1952 election saw million spent on advertising.
• George Gallup felt that T.V. would have a
  negative impact on American Society.
• Fueled by Advertising T.V. appealed to the masses
  and avoided controversial issues. It was made to
  hold attention not influence the mind.
• Considered the Golden Age as the countrys top
  talent flocked to the medium

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Foreign Policy

• Eisenhower labored to control Communism
• SOS John Dulles expanded the list of the Nations
  Allies.
• EuropeNATO
• ASIASEATO
• Middle EastCENTO
• Latin AmericaOAS
• These groups balanced communist grabs for power

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The Influence of Dulles

• Dulles favored vigorous foreign policy.
• Favored liberation.
• Threatened massive retaliation against communist
  aggression.
• Decrease in size of Army but an increase in the
  number of nuclear weapons.
• Eisenhower however did not want to end
  civilization and therefore favored containment.

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War and peace in Asia

• 1953 Korea divided along the 38th parralell.
• Problems in Vietnam. France tried to regain
  control of its colonies. Ho Chi Minh and the
  Vietminh fought to eliminate the French from
  Indochina
• 1954 France surrenders at Dien Bien Phu
• Conference in Geneva Vietnam is divided along the
  17 parrallel. In the South we helped put into
  place Ngo Dinh Diem. Who was unpopular and would
  later be overthrown

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The Eisenhower Approach

• Use of Covert operations by the CIA
• U.S. worried about Iran when he siezes oil in
  1953. The CIA helps overthrow the PM and brings
  back the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
• Funded a coup in Guatemala after Colonel Guzman
  seizes the property of the United Fruit company.
• Dulles believed that these events proved
  Communism was spreading.

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The Third World

• 1955 29 African and Asian countries get together
  and decide that they will not support either the
  first world (U.S.) or the Second world (USSR) but
  would remain neutral.
• This move was hotly debated

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The Middle East Powder Keg

• After WWII the U.S. becomes dependent on Foreign
  Oil.
• Arab states do not like our support of Israel
• 1956 Egyptian President Nasser signs a commercial
  treaty with USSR. We revoke a loan to build a
  dam on the Nile River. Nasser takes over the
  Suez Canal.
• Americas Allies invade the U.S. and Soviets
  condemn the action in the U.N. This action
  creates a potential rift within the U.S. Alliance

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The Eisenhower Doctrine

• USSR aggress to help Egypt build the Aswan.
• Because of this Ike asks congress (1957) to
  approve the use of military aid to any middle
  eastern country that requests it.
• This plays out a year later when we assist
  Lebanon in holding elections to establish a
  stronger government.

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Nato Alliance

• Fears of spread of Americanism. However the fear
  of the spreading of Communism keeps the alliance
  together.
• Soviets suppress uprising in Hungary but allow
  for greater freedoms in Poland

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Latin America

• The region is largely ignored
• VP Nixon is greeted harshly in Venezuela and Peru
  (1958).
• 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista.
  While popular at first Americans abandoned
  support after he made relationships with USSR.
  Ike stops buying sugar and breaks off relations
  with the country

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Thaws in the Cold War

• 1953 death of Josef Stalin.
• New Premier Nikita Khrushchev aloowed for greater
  freedoms. They talked about peaceful coexistence
  with the West.
• Met with Allies at Geneva in 1955 to discuss
  further nuclear disarmament.
• Arguments over East Germany would rise than cool
  with no bloodshed
• Ike meets with Nikita at Camp David in 1959
• However May 1960 the Soviets shoot down a U2 Spy
  plane that was doing reconnaissance on Russian
  Nuclear facilities. Khrushchev breaks off
  negotiations with the U.S.

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Eisenhowers Farewell

• Eisenhower was frustrated by the U2 incident and
  would carry out the last year of his presidency
  without Dulles who died a year earlier. Tried
  but failed to lessen the tensions of the cold
  war.
• He warned of the military industrial complex

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A New Beginning

• The Jim Crow South had hurt the black Community .
• Some beginning in the 1950s started fighting for
  equal housing, jobs, and education.
• 1946 Menendez vs. Westminster
• 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
  Kansas (Earl Warren)
• 100 Congress men sign the Southern Manifesto
  stating that the supreme court had overstepped
  its bounds

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Boycotts and demostrations

• December 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her
  seat in Montgomery Alabama.
• At Dexter Avenue Baptist Church held a meeting in
  which MLK and others would decide to hold a year
  long bus boycott. People walked. Drivers were
  arrested MLK was jailed.
• The Southern Christain Leadership Conference to
  practice nonviolent protests.
• The NAACP would lend its hand to the legal fight.
• Congress of Racial Equality looked out for blacks
  on the economic front

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Little Rock

• Brown initially was not enforced and schools
  refused to intergrate.
• The Deadline was supposed to be 1955. This is
  what Thurgood Marshall had fought for.
• 1957 first civil rights law since reconstruction
  is passed. Gave the Justice department the
  ability to seek injections.
• In Arkansas Governor Faubus refused to intergrate
  Central High . The 101st was called in and
  Eisenhower federalized the national guard.
• The School would close its doors in 1958
• Early civil rights undertakings by the justice
  department proved ineffective as only 10 suits
  were brought regarding voting between 1957 and
  1960 Voting remained only at 25 percent.

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In Class

• Do 1-5 page 902 finish for homework.