Section One

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Chapter 20 Section One
Guided Reading Activity
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Students will demonstrate understanding of
expansion of the railroads after the Civil War.

• Objective

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Directions Record answers on a separate piece of
paper next to the appropriate number.
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Setting the Scene
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1. _____was a legendary African American RR
worker who died after beating a steam drill in a
contest.

• John Henry

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A Railroad Network
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2. Railroads carried troops and supplies to the
battlefield as well as _____ to factories.

• raw materials

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iron ore
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Connecting lines
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3. Many rail lines only ran for _____ and
passengers had to get off and move to another
train in order to continue their journey.

• 50 miles

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4. Because different rail lines used different
_____ rails, trains from one line could not run
on tracks from another line.

• gauge

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5. In 1886, railroads in the south changed 13,
000 miles of track into the _____ gauge.

• northern

4'8½"
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6. Once the track was standardized, American
railroads had formed a_____, or system of
connected lines.

• network

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7. By 1900, there were more miles of tracks in
the United States than in _____ and Russia
combined.

• Europe

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Other Improvements
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8. To simplify train schedules, the railroad
companies set up a system of ___ in 1883.

• standard time zones

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9. Before 1883, towns in _____ had 27 different
local times!

• Illinois

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10. The new system divided the nation into four
times zones Eastern, Central, _____, and
Pacific.

• Mountain

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11. In 1869, _____began selling the first
airbrake that allowed all the railroad cars to be
stopped at once and allowed for longer and faster
trains.

• George Westinghouse

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12. In 1864, _____designed a railroad sleeping
car that even had lavatories.

• George Pullman

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Interior of Pullman sleeping car PIONEER,
arranged for daytime use, 1891. This car was used
on the Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railroad.
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Consolidation
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13. As railroads began to operate more
efficiently, many companies began to_____, or
combine.

• consolidate

consolidated 73 railroads
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14. Larger companies bought up smaller ones or
forced them_____.

• out of business

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15. The most powerful railroad baron was_____,
who was born to a poor farmer and eventually
bought 4,500 miles of track from NY to Chicago
after making a fortune on steamship lines.

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Building New Lines
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16. Between 1869 and 1893, Americans built _____
more transcontinental railroads.

• three

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17. _____, a Canadian-born railroad baron,
finished the Great Northern, from Duluth
Minnesota to Everett Washington as the last major
cross-country line in 1893.

• James Hill

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18. Hill built the _____ without financial aid
from Congress by using good business and a
generous policy of encouraging settlement along
the tracks.

• Great Northern Railroad

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Abuses
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19. There was soon to many RR lines, such as
between Atlanta and St. Louis, where _____ rail
lines competed for business without enough
traffic to keep them busy.

• 20

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Reducing Competition
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20. Competition was fierce and _____ broke out as
rival companies slashed prices to win customers
and put others out of business.

• rate wars

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21. Big railroads secretly offered_____, or
discounts, to their biggest customers.

• rebates

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22. Rebates forced small companies out of
business and hurt small shippers, such as_____,
who had to pay the full price.

• farmers

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23. Cut throat competition was hurting even the
large lines of railroad barons, so railroad
companies began to use a method called _____to
end competition.

• pooling

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24. In a pool, several companies would divide the
business in an area and agree to _____their
prices at a high level.

• fix

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High Prices for Farmers
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25. Railroad rebates and pools angered small
farmers in the south and the west because
shipping prices were so high that farmers were
better off burning crops as _____ then shipping
them to market.

• fuel

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26. Farmers joined the_____, who eventually
persuaded Congress and several states to pass
laws regulating railroad companies.

• Populists

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27. Laws did not end railroad abuses because
railroad barons _____ officials to keep the laws
from being enforced.

• bribed

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Write a story explaining this picture.
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Spurring Economic Growth
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28. Railroads made possible the rapid growth of
industry after 1865 and stimulated the whole
_____by creating thousands of jobs.

• economy

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29. _____turned millions of tons of iron into
steel for tracks and engines

• Steelworkers

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30. _____cut down whole forests to supply wood
for railroad ties.

• Lumberjacks

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31. _____dug up the coal that fueled railroad
engines.

• Miners

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32. Thousands of workers were employed to lay
tracks, build trestles across rivers, and carve
_____ through mountains.

• tunnels

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33. RRs pioneered new ways of _____ by creating
special departments for shipping, accounting and
servicing equipment.

• managing business

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34. Big businesses copied RR company organization
by having expert managers of each department and
_____to ensure the company ran smoothly.

• chains of command

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35. Railroads opened every corner of the country
to new towns, new businesses and led the United
States to become the greatest _____ in the world.

• industrial nation