Hybrid Cars

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Hybrid Cars

• Structure and Design
• Performance
• Economic Analysis of Hybrid Cars
• Environmental Costs and Benefits of Producing
  Hybrids

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Hybrid Models

• Honda Civic Hybrid
• Honda Insight
• Toyota Prius
• Not on Market Yet
• Ford Explorer (2005)
• GM Satum SUV (2004)
• Chevy Pickup (2004), Chevy Suburban (2005)
• Dodge Ram Pickup (2005)
• Mercedes S-class (2006)
• Ford Prodigy
• Ford Escape HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
• Chrysler Citadel

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Honda Civic Hybrid

• 650 miles/tank
• 19,550
• 5 seats

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Honda Insight

• 61mpg city/ 68 mpg highway
• 19,080
• 2 seats

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Toyota Prius

• 566 miles/tank
• 20,480
• 4 seats

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Two Types of Hybrids

• Parallel Hybrid
• Both the engine and the electric motor can turn
  the transmission at the same time.

• Series Hybrid
• The gasoline engine turns a generator, and the
  generator can either charge the batteries or
  power an electric motor that drives the
  transmission.

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Hybrid Components

• Gas engine- similar to most cars only smaller and
  using advanced technologies to lower emissions.
• Fuel tank- energy storage device.
• Electric Motor- acts as a motor as well as a
  generator. The motor can draw energy from the
  batteries to accelerate, and slow the car down by
  acting as a generator while returning energy to
  the batteries.
• Generator- similar to an electric motor, but acts
  only to produce electrical power. Used mostly on
  series hybrids.
• Batteries- energy storing device for the electric
  motor.
• Transmission- performs the same basic function of
  a conventional car, but the Prius has a different
  one.

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Characteristics of Hybrid Cars to Increase Fuel
Efficiency
Weight Efficient gasoline engines Regenerative Braking Lean Burn Technology
Special Batteries Advanced Aerodynamics Tires that are stiff and inflated with higher pressure Manual Transmission
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Weight Reduction

• Lightweight materials
• Some example materials are carbon fiber,
  aluminum, magnesium, and special metal alloys.
• Lightweight design contributes to increased
  fuel efficiency because there is less heavy mass
  for the motor to push forward.

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Efficient Gasoline Engines

• Insight
• In line, 1.0 liter three cylinder engine that
  does the work of a usual 1.5 liter four.
• Aluminum Casting offering about 50 kilowatts of
  power, with lean-burning stirred inflow. Engine
  weighs 124 lbs.
• Sized to the average power requirement rather
  than to peak power.

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Aerodynamics

• Drag Reduction
• - Teardrop Shape
• - Covers of the wheel housings to smooth the air
  flow
• - Replacing side mirrors with small cameras
• -Underside Air shields
• - Front Grill Shutters

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Lean Burn Technology

• The combustion is considered lean when excess
  air is introduced into the engine along with the
  fuel.
• The excess air reduces the temperature of the
  combustion process and this reduces the amount of
  oxides of nitrogen.
• There is also excess oxygen available, so the
  combustion process is more efficient and more
  power is produced from the same amount of fuel.

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Regenerative Braking

• Process by which some of the kinetic energy
  stored in the vehicles translating mass is
  stored in the vehicle during decelerations.
• Accomplished by operating the traction motor as a
  generator, providing braking torque to the wheels
  and recharging the traction batteries.
• Regenerative braking can be used for propulsion
  or to power vehicle accessories.

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Electric Motor and Regenerative Braking

• The electric motor can either use electricity to
  create torque, or reverse the process to use
  torque to create electricity.
• When a hybrid slows down, it reverses its
  electric motor turning it into an electric
  generator, creating electricity which is fed back
  into its battery and stored.
• Lifting the accelerator or application of the
  brake causes the system to use the vehicles
  momentum to generate electricity.
• Electric Motor Provides
• Extra Power while accelerating or going uphill
• Some regenerative braking to capture energy
  during braking
• Ability to start the Engine, eliminating the need
  for a starter.

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Parallel Hybrids

• Insight
• Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)
• Has an electric motor coupled to the engine.
  Conventional 5-speed manual transmission
• Real Effectiveness of the electric motor occurs
  at the lower speeds.
• Insight makes its peak torque at 66ft lbs/
  4800rpm. With the electric motor running it
  produces 73ft lbs/5700rpm, an increase in 6hp.
• With the electric motor, it makes 91 ft lbs/
  2000rpm. The motor adds a lot of torque to the
  low end of the speed range where the engine is
  weaker.

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Power Split Device and Series HybridsToyota Prius

• -The gasoline engine can operate independently
  of the vehicle speed, charging the batteries or
  providing power.
• -Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
  (eliminates the need for a manual or automatic
  transmission)
• -Power Split Device allows the generator to
  start the engine. Gasoline engine does not kick
  in until 15mph.

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Power Split Device- Planetary Gear Set

• The speed of the Ring Gear depends on all three
  components (motor, engine, and generator) so they
  all work together.
• When you accelerate, initially the electric motor
  and batteries provide all of the power.
• Once you reach about 15 mph, the gas engine will
  turn on. The generator changes speed, causing
  the planet carrier to turn and start the engine
• While the engine is running, it settles into a
  constant speed while the generator varies its
  speed to match the output speed with the electric
  motor.

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• Market demand
• 40,000 sold by end of 2002
• 500,000 sold by end of 2007
•  
• 30 would definitely consider buying a hybrid
  vehicle
• 30 would likely consider buying a hybrid vehicle

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• Prices
• Honda Civic - Automatic 20,550
• - 5-speed 19,550
•  
• Honda Insight - Automatic 21,280
• - 5-speed 19,080
• Toyota Prius - Automatic 20,480
• Ford Escape HEV would cost more than 2001 Escape
  (18,725- 21,900)

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• Tax incentives
• - clean-fuel vehicle deduction by section 179A
  of Internal Revenue Code
• -up to 2,000 1 time tax deduction
• - not only for 2002 but also for 2 previous years
  that hybrids were available
• - reduced to 1,500 in 2004, completely phased
  out by 2007

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• Cost of repair
• -         batteries wear out
• -     cost 1,000 2,000.
• Honda 8-year, 80,000-mile warranty
• Toyota 8-year, 100,000-mile warranty

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Environmental Costs of Producing Hybrids
-Gasoline and hybrid automobiles use gasoline (or
similar fossil fuel) for all of their energy
source -The source of an electric cars
electricity will have an enormous influence on
the automobile environmental impact over its
lifetime. -Gasoline cars are responsible for the
least CO2 emissions during manufacturing but most
during use and overall lifetime of
vehicle -Hybrids have slightly higher CO2
emissions during manufacturing
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US. Dependency on Fossil Fuels
-United States produces about 12 of global
petroleum -U.S. generates about 25 of world
petroleum demand -Depends on petroleum for 97 of
its transportation energy needs, 2/3 of our oil
consumption goes to fuel transportation -With
average efficiencies declining for new vehicles,
21 increase in miles driven between 1990 and
1998, dependence on petroleum to fuel our
transportation needs is emitted.
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Traditional Transportation Facts
-When petroleum is burned, carbon monoxide (CO),
carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (Nox),
sulfur oxides (Sox), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) also known as reactive hydrocarbons),
hydroxyl ions (OH-), and particulate matter (PM)
are emitted -Nox and reactive hydrocarbons form
low level ozone (O3) (a major component of smog)
in the presence of sunlight. -In the U.S.,
transportation contributes 1/3 of CO2 emissions,
1/3 of Nox emissions, fewer than 1 of
anthropgeneic methane emissions, 77 of CO
emissions, 45 of nitrogen oxide emissions and
more than 1/3 of non-methane VOCs. -Internal
combustion car engine is extremely inefficient,
13 of energy produced by the engine is used in
forward motion, 62 is wasted because the engine
has to be powerful enough to cope with maximum
demand. -In Australia, the large inefficiency is
responsible for 70-90 of atmospheric pollution
and 14 of total greenhouse emissions
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Noxious Pollutants
-Hydrocarbons are volatile organic compounds that
cause smog and are toxic and carcinogenic -Carbon
Monoxide (CO)is a poisonous gas that impairs the
flow of oxygen to the brain and other parts of
the body. -Nitrogen oxides (Nox) aggravate
respiratory problems, both directly and
indirectly, by forming PM and smog Nox also
causes acid rain and damages aquatic
environments -Fine airborne particulate matter
(PM) causes lung trouble, shortness of breath,
worsening of respiratory disease and heart
conditions, lung damage and cancer -14.6 million
people in the U.S. have asthma (1/3 children),
these conditions are often caused and aggravated
by smog
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Hybrids

• -More efficient because energy is recovered
  during breaking and stored in the batteries the
  engine shuts off, leaving the car running on
  electric motor aerodynamically shaped to reduce
  drag tires made of stiffer material, lightweight
  material
• -A well designed hybrid can reduce smog pollution
  by 90
• -Burns less gasoline, release much less pollution
  and fewer greenhouse gases
• -Can average more than 60 miles per gallon
• -On a global warming scale ranging from
  15.3(worst) to 3.1(best) the three leading hybrid
  vehicles (Civic hybrid, Insight, Prius) produce
  4.0 tons, 3.5 tons and 4.0 tons of waste
  (respectively)

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Green Driving Tips
-Keep your engine tuned and make sure your
vehicles emissions equipment is working
properly -Plan and consolidate your trips -Keep
your car well tuned -Avoid topping-off the gas
tank when refueling -Dont pump the accelerator
if your car has fuel injection -Newer models
dont need to be warmed by idling -Accelerate
smoothly avoid putting the pedal to the
metal -Obey speed limits -Remove excess weight