ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

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ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Regulates growth and development
• Endocrine glands, ductless organs that secrete
  hormones into bloodstream
• Hormones, chemical substances, produced in glands
  that regulate many bodily functions
• Influence physical and mental responses
• Trigger physical changes during puberty

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SYSTEM DIAGRAM
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GLANDS AND FUNCTIONS

• Hypothalamus, links endocrine w/nervous system,
  stimulates pituitary
• Pituitary gland, regulates and controls all other
  endocrine glands
• Anterior lobe, somatotropic, thyroid stimulating,
  adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating,
  luteinizing
• Intermediate lobe, melanocyte-stimulating
• Posterior lobe, antidiuretic

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GLANDS FUNCTIONS

• Adrenal, recover from stress, respond to
  emergencies
• Adrenal cortex, 1-inhibits amount of sodium in
  urine-maintain blood volume pressure,
  2-metabolism of fats, proteins, carbs, bodys
  immune system
• Adrenal medulla, controlled by hypothalamus
  nervous system-epinephrine norepinephrine

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GLANDS AND FUNCTIONS

• Pinealsecretes melatonin, regulates sleep
  cycles, affects onset of puberty
• Thymus-development of immune system
• Pancreas-glucagon and insulin, level of glucose
  in blood
• Thyroid-metabolism
• Parathyroid-regulates calcium, phosphorus balance
• Testes and ovaries-male and female reproductive
  glands

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ENDOCRINE PROBLEMS

• Diabetes mellitus, low/no insulin production
• Graves disease, hyperthyroidism, excessive
  thyroxin (also opposite)
• Cushings disease, overproduction of adrenal
  hormones
• Goiter, enlargement of thyroid
• Growth disorders, either way
• Care and feeding, proper nutrition, sleep, stress
  

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE

• Reproductive system, system of organs involved in
  producing offspring
• External internal organs
• 2 functions, production/storage of sperm
  transfer of sperm to females body
• Usually between 12 15 system reaches maturity
• Testosterone is produced, causes changes incl.
  secondary sex characteristics

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MALE SYSTEM
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EXTERNAL ORGANS

• Testes (testicles), penis, scrotum
• Testes two glands that produce sperm
• Scrotum contains the testes (external skin sac)
• Penis is tube shaped organ that extends from
  body, composed of spongy tissue capable of
  enlarging and becoming erect

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MALE SYSTEM

• Semen-thick fluid mix of sperm other fluids
• Fertilization-joining of sperm with egg
• Sperm cannot live at temperatures above 98.6
  degrees
• Internal organs-vas deferens, urethra, seminal
  vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland

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CARE OF MALE SYSTEM

• Regular checkups
• Regular bathing
• Protective equipment in sports activities
• Regular self examinations
• Practice abstinence (avoiding STDs) affect
  reproductive system
• Chlamydia gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Genital herpes

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PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEM

• Functional, structural
• Inguinal hernia
• Sterility, inability to reproduce, chemicals,
  hormonal imbalance, medications, drugs (steroids)
  STDs mumps as an adult
• Testicular cancer 14-40 usually
• Prostate enlargement, cancer usually over 50

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produces female hormones
• Stores female reproductive cells (ova)
• Uterus nourishes and protects fertilized ovum
  from conception to birth
• Ovaries store ova, produce hormones
• Ovulation, releasing mature ovum (alt. right,
  left by month)

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FEAMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

• Fallopian tubes connects ovaries and uterus
• Vagina (birth canal) where male enters
• Fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes
• Fertilized egg-ZYGOTE
• Zygote attaches to uterine wall and develops
  there until birth

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FEMALE ORGANS
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MENSTRUATION

• Each month uterus prepares for pregnancy,
  endometrium thickens
• When no zygote, endometrium breaks down
• Passed through cervix into vagina
• Last 5-7 days approx
• Entire monthly cycle 28 days
• Endocrine hormones control the cycle

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CARE OF FEMALE SYSTEM

• Cleanliness (bathe regularly)
• Abstinence-prevention of STDs and unwanted
  pregnancy
• Breast self-exams (breast cancer 2nd leading
  cause of death in women behind lung cancer)

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PROBLEMS OF THE FEMALE SYSTEM

• Menstrual cramps, exercise, heat, pain reliever
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) due to hormonal
  changes, physical and emotional changes
• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) rare, serious
  associated with improper tampon use

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PROBLEMS RELATED TO INFERTILITY

• Endometriosis, uterine lining grows into other
  areas, surgery, hormone therapy, pain medicines
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infection of
  fallopian tubes, ovaries, caused by STDs,
  damages organs
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), many
  complications, asymptomatic?

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OTHER DISORDERS

• Vaginitis, bacterial infection, discharge, odor,
  pain, itching, burning
• Blocked fallopian tubes, several causes
• Ovarian cysts, small ones usually disappear,
  larger or cancerous ones require surgery
• Cervical, uterine, ovarian cancer-early sexual
  activity and human papillomavirus (an STD causing
  virus) increase chance